TO SEE OR NOT TO SEE:

Abstract— When looking at a scene, observers feel that they see its entire structure in great detail and can immediately notice any changes in it. However, when brief blank fields are placed between alternating displays of an original and a modified scene, a striking failure of perception is induced Identification of changes becomes extremely difficult, even when changes are large and made repeatedly. Identification is much faster when a verbal cue is provided showing that poor visibility is not the cause of this difficulty. Identification is also faster for objects considered to be important in the scene. These results support the idea that observers never form a complete, detailed representation of their surroundings. In addition, the results indicate that attention is required to perceive change, and the basis of high-level interest.     

A METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING THE REPRESENTATIONAL VALIDITY OF INTERACTION CODING SYSTEMS: DO WE SEE WHAT THEY SEE?

This paper offers a new methodological approach to establishing the validity of interaction coding schemes, and it reports research which applies these procedures to three coding systems that have been used to study small group decision making: Bales' (1950) Interaction Process Analysis System, Fisher's (1970) Decision Proposal Coding System, and Mabry's (1975) Pattern Variable Coding System. The procedures offered here provide a method for determining whether the functions or constructs identified by a coding system are part of the common meanings ascribed to the participants in the interaction. Of the three coding systems evaluated in the study, the IPA System represented subjects' interpretations of decision-making interaction better than the Decision Proposal System, which, in turn, performed better than the Pattern Variable System.     

RELIABILITY IS NOT VALIDITY AND VALIDITY IS NOT RELIABILITY

Interrater correlations do provide an index of reliability of job performance ratings. We show that the arguments presented by Murphy and DeShon (2000) lead to the radical conclusion that traditional measurement models–both classical theory and generalizability theory models–can be used neither with job performance ratings nor with other measures used in I-O and other areas of psychology and the social sciences. We show that this untenable conclusion is based on confusion of validity issues and questions with reliability issues and questions. It is also based on the incorrect belief that classical measurement models are capable of addressing only random response measurement error and cannot address other forms of measurement error. We also show that the solution Murphy and DeShon offer to the problem of measurement error in ratings, as they define this problem, cannot work. Properly understood, the position taken by Murphy and DeShon leaves us with the nihilistic conclusion that no appropriate measurement models are possible in psychological research, thus making meaningful research impossible.     

HOW I SEE PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY AND BEYOND

Abstract: This article raises some questions about the relevance and value of philosophy at present and suggests some ways in which philosophy can become relevant again. It challenges philosophers to become more actively engaged in the world and to restore Western philosophy's original vision of “love of wisdom,” a value sorely lacking in the present‐day world and abandoned by much of contemporary Western philosophy. The pursuit of wisdom would involve the quest for sound judgment and synoptic insights regarding the ends humankind should strive to realize, including moral visions to help Homo sapiens emerge from the atavistic jungle. It would also involve sound judgment regarding the proper means for the attainment of these desirable ends. For these things to be possible, philosophy would need to draw upon humankind's collective wisdom in philosophy, religion, and myth, and on advances in scientific knowledge, thereby gaining an ever‐deeper understanding of ourselves and of our place in the cosmos.     

NEED,GREED AND ENVY IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND THE CHALLENGE THEY PRESENT

For as long as man has been on this earth, envy and greed have performed a duet of destruction. Indeed, these terrifyingly complimentary emotions have been at the root of the worlds' great conflicts and can be seen featuring as a point of origin in what are euphemistically referred to as ‘crimes of passion’. In biblical accounts, both were sighted amongst the seven deadly sins. An impressively awesome curriculum vitae indeed.

In this paper I should like to explore the role of envy and greed in the formation of anorexia nervosa, where it would appear that the destructive nature of this powerful duo have been turned inwards against the body itself. Analytical theorists make much of the difficulties evoked by the Oedipal situation. These particular theories are explored at length and applied to anorexia nervosa. In attempting to understand how this painful stage of development impacts upon this client group, the difficulties posed and the coping strategies employed to alleviate them are both examined.

A further avenue discussed is the particular challenge anorexia nervosa sufferers pose to those of us who would seek to engage them in therapy. Anorectic difficulties in engaging and accepting therapy are explored and understanding is sought as to how we might begin to make progress with this most intractable of illnesses. I would like to illustrate these issues by utilizing my experiences of working clinically with a client suffering from an enduring eating disorder.     

DUTCH BOOKS,DUTCH STRATEGIES AND WHAT THEY SHOW ABOUT RATIONALITY

Philosophical Studies -     

REASONS AND MOTIVATION—NOT A WRONG DISTINCTION

This paper responds to Susan Hurley's attempt to undermine the adequacy of the distinction at the heart of the internalism-externalism debate about reasons for action. The paper shows that Hurley's argument fails and then, more positively, indicates a neat way to characterize the distinction.     

THE SCOPE AND IMPLICATIONS OF MORALS NOT KNOWLEDGE

I greatly appreciate the opportunity provided by the editor of Zygon to further develop the ideas in my book Morals Not Knowledge: Recasting the Contemporary U.S. Conflict between Religion and Science in conversation with four critical commentaries. It is an honor to have one's work focused upon so intently, and I greatly appreciate the time and effort of the critics. The book was quite intentionally written as a provocation, an attempt at agenda setting, and as a call for changing the thinking of the entire religion and science academic community. In my previous writings I have kept close to the data, allowing myself at best mid‐level conclusions, but this book is a foray into the abstraction and inevitable lack of precision required for high‐level generalization. I hope that it continues to be generative of debate.     

"TO SEE OURSELVES AS OTHERS SEE US!": RELATIONS AMONG SELF-PERCEPTIONS,PEER-PERCEPTIONS,AND EXPECTED PEER-PERCEPTIONS OF PERSONALITY

The need for convergent validity in the measurement of personality variables and past failures to demonstrate such properties are briefly reviewed. Two apppoaches to the problem using several types of data obtained from various subject populations and employing alternative factor analytic methods and factor score estimation procedulres are described. The results indicate that convergent factor patterns and substantial convergence and discriminant validities among factor score estimates are obtainable when sufficient care is taken in the design and development of measure variables .of each type and when analysis methods appropriate for the problem are used.     

THROUGH HER EYES:

A major component of a woman's ability to resist assaults by strangers versus acquaintances lies in the social and cognitive context in which she is engaged with the perpetrator and within which she must recognize potential threat before engaging in a behavioral response. This paper presents questionnaire and focus group findings of heterosexual college sorority women's social contexts, perceived risks, responses, and psychological barriers to protecting themselves from sexual aggression threat by fraternity acquaintances. Several social and cognitive factors, including alcohol consumption and psychological barriers, were related to projected responses to sexual aggression. Participants in general held a high sense of invulnerability to victimization and an optimistic belief in their ability to resist sexual aggression. Several differences between previously victimized and nonvictimized women also emerged.     

EVOLUTION AND THEODICY: HOW (NOT) TO DO SCIENCE AND THEOLOGY

This article uses Christopher Southgate's work and engagement with other scholars on the topic of evolutionary theodicy as a case study in the dialogue of science and Christian theology. A typology is outlined of ways in which the voices of science and the Christian tradition may be related in a science–theology dialogue, and examples of each position on the typology are given from the literature on evolution and natural evil. The main focus is on Southgate's evolutionary theodicy and the alternative proposal by Neil Messer. By bringing these two accounts into dialogue, some key methodological issues are brought into focus, enabling some conclusions to be drawn about the range and limits of fruitful methodological possibilities for dialogues between science and Christian theology.