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1.
错误记忆中的新领域--想象膨胀   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
李林  郭晓蓉  杨靖 《心理科学》2005,28(1):138-142
文章就近年来错误记忆研究中的新领域——“想象膨胀”进行介绍。“想象膨胀”是一种源自生活的错误记忆现象,它是指通过想象能提高一个人确信某一未发生事件发生过的程度。本文对想象膨胀研究范式、现状、相关理论及其研究意义进行一一介绍,为进一步的研究提供参考。  相似文献   

2.
基于日常生活的记忆研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
张磊  郭力平 《心理科学》2002,25(3):347-349
近年来,心理学研究显示出了对生态效度的重视。生态效度强调尽可能地使实验情境中所观察到的差异接近现实生活中的发展变化。生态效度的提出,使人们认识到研究情景、研究条件对研究结果的概括和推广的重要意义。也正是在这种趋势的感召下,基于日常生活的记忆研究开始蓬勃发展起来。它突破了以往记忆实验主要针对无意义材料进行脱离实际的研究的局面,以日常生活为基础和前提,研究的课题从日常生活中提炼,实验室研究强调模拟日常生活情境,研究目的更是为了解决日常生活中的问题和深入对记忆现象的理解。  相似文献   

3.
本研究采用DRM范式,考察了正确记忆与错误记忆中的感觉通道效应,以及干扰因素对正确记忆与错误记忆的影响.结果表明:(1)无论是正确记忆还是错误记忆,视觉呈现优于听觉呈现;(2)三种呈现通道下.对关键诱饵的错误记忆差异不显著;(3)干扰任务下的再认成绩比无干扰任务下的再认成绩好.结合实验结果,本文还就不同通道下错误记忆的加工机制问题以及正确记忆与错误记忆的关系问题进行了初探.  相似文献   

4.
研究旨在考察老年人错误记忆现象及内在原因,并检验模糊痕迹理论对错误记忆年老化机制的解释。以经典DRM范式为研究起点,对三组被试(年轻人35名、低龄老人28名、高龄老人34名)的记忆成绩进行比较,利用联合再认范式及多项式树型建模的统计手段,分别从现象学和认知加工机制的角度检验错误记忆的年龄差异是否符合模糊痕迹理论的预期。结果发现:(1)正确记忆与错误记忆均存在显著的年龄差异,而这两种记忆在不同年龄阶段的老年人中呈现出不同的增龄效应模式:正确记忆随年龄的增长呈不断下降的趋势,而错误记忆水平呈现倒U型发展趋势,即低龄老年组的虚报率显著高于年轻组和高龄老年组;(2)虚报率的年龄差异主要集中在未学习过但与学习词列有强语义相关的刺激(类型记为R)反应上。对R型刺激的反应模式进行分析发现,低龄老年人相比年轻人成功提取字面痕迹的概率存在显著下降,而提取要点痕迹的概率保持相对稳定;高龄老年人成功提取要点痕迹的概率相比低龄老年人显著下降。本研究的结果支持了模糊痕迹理论对个体记忆一般年老化特点的预期及解释。  相似文献   

5.
毛伟宾  杨治良 《心理科学》2008,31(6):1326-1329,1325
本研究采用DRM范式以80名大学生为被试对错误记忆的通道效应进行了研究.实验采用三因素混合设计,运用信号检测论等方法探讨了重复学习对不同通道错误再认的影响.结果发现:1)汉语词表具有与英文词表不同的通道效应,表现为视觉学习的错误再认高于听觉学习;2)重复学习对视觉学习与听觉学习的错误再认产生分离性影响,即重复学习降低了视觉学习的错误再认,却提高了听觉学习的错误再认;3)信号检测论的分析表明:听觉学习在重复学习后对关键诱词的错误再认的增加是听觉学习对要义信息日益增加的敏感性连同较为宽松的提取标准协同起作用的结果.  相似文献   

6.
错误记忆研究范式评介   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10  
周楚  杨治良 《心理科学》2004,27(4):909-912
文章概括评介了当前错误记忆研究的几种主要范式及其各自可能的认知机制。联想研究范式(包括集中联想研究范式与类别联想研究范式)和无意识知觉范式描述了人们对单词的错误记忆,而误导信息干扰范式和KK研究范式则描述了人们对持续事件的错误记忆。这两类不同的研究范式证实了可能存在不同类型的错误记忆,且可能具有不同的认知加工机制。它们都从一定层面上揭示了错误记忆现象的本质和特征,并为人们进行更深入的研究提供了有效的方法。  相似文献   

7.
该实验以经典DRM词表为实验材料,采用简化后的联合范式来探讨注意资源对老年人错误记忆的影响。比较老年人和青年人在注意集中和注意分散条件下的错误记忆成绩。结果发现,老年组的虚报率显著高于青年人的虚报率,特别在注意集中条件下。更重要的是,老年人在注意集中条件下的虚报率与青年人在注意分散条件下的虚报率相比无显著差异,同时两种条件下的判断标准差异也不显著。结果显示,老年人相比于青年人有更多错误记忆的原因可能是注意资源的不足。  相似文献   

8.
张蔚蔚  高飞  蒋军  张继元  张庆林 《心理学报》2012,44(12):1596-1606
本研究以自编情绪DRM词表为实验材料, 用音乐诱发正常大学生被试正性、负性和中性心境, 探讨在被试处于某种心境下时是否产生心境一致性错误记忆现象、预警能否减少心境一致性错误记忆的发生。结果表明, 正性关键诱饵在正性心境下的错误再认率显著高于中性和负性心境, 负性关键诱饵在负性心境下的错误再认率显著高于中性和正性心境, 说明正常被试也会产生心境一致性错误记忆; 预警和无预警条件下被试对关键诱饵和心境一致性关键诱饵的错误再认率无显著差异, 说明外显的预警提示并不能消除部分由无意识产生的错误记忆和心境一致性错误记忆。研究结果支持记忆的扩散激活理论和情感的联想网络理论。  相似文献   

9.
王红椿  刘鸣 《心理科学》2006,29(4):905-908
心理学家通过采用事后提供误导信息的方法以及临床治疗中的催眠、想象等暗示性程序发现的记忆歪曲和记忆移植现象,说明记忆的改变并不局限于对经历的或记得的情节的某方面的修改,它还能创造虚假的自传性事件记忆。  相似文献   

10.
以汉语把字句和被字句为材料,采用学习-再认方式,考察基于同义关联的句子错误记忆及其发展性逆转现象和句式效应。实验1结果发现高二和初二校正后的关键诱饵句错误再认率显著高于小学五年级,把字关键诱饵句校正后的错误再认率显著高于被字句,表明基于同义关联的句子错误记忆存在发展性逆转现象和句式效应。实验2结果发现三个年级关键诱饵句与无关句的错误再认率差异均不显著,表明去除同义关联后,句子错误记忆现象被抑制。结果表明,同义关联能诱发句子错误记忆,且句子错误记忆存在发展性逆转现象和句式效应。  相似文献   

11.
不同年龄视觉通道错误记忆的实验研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
两个实验运用DRM研究范式 ,分别以汉字词和彩色图片为材料 ,揭示了青年、中年和老年人都存在基于概念结构的视觉关联性错误记忆以及在自由回忆、再认、抵御犯关联性错误记忆及抵抗外界无关因素干扰等情节长时记忆能力的各个方面随年龄发展变化的不同特点 ,并发现对信息来源的监控评定水平受信息材料性质及年龄因素的影响  相似文献   

12.
Attachment theories and studies have shown that Internal Working Models (IWMs) can impact autobiographical memory and future-oriented information processing relevant to close relationships. According to the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis (CESH), both remembering the past and imagining the future rely on episodic memory. We hypothesised that one way IWMs may bridge past experiences and future adaptations is via episodic memory. The present study investigated the association between attachment and episodic specificity in attachment-relevant and attachment-irrelevant memory and imagination among young and older adults. We measured the attachment style of 37 young adults and 40 older adults, and then asked them to remember or imagine attachment-relevant and attachment-irrelevant events. Participants’ narratives were coded for internal details (i.e., episodic) and external details (e.g., semantic, repetitions). The results showed that across age group, secure individuals generated more internal details and fewer external details in attachment-relevant tasks compared to attachment-irrelevant tasks; these differences were not observed in insecure individuals. These findings support the CESH and provide a new perspective to understand the function of IWMs.  相似文献   

13.
    
ABSTRACT

Several studies have demonstrated that an episodic specificity induction (ESI) can influence cognitive abilities that involve episodic processes at retrieval. To better understand the downstream implications of an “episodic mode of thinking,” we investigate whether an ESI influences encoding of new events. In a between-subjects design, participants were given an ESI or gist (control) induction. In an ostensibly unrelated task, participants then were shown film clips of naturalistic events. After a filled delay, participants were given a surprise memory test, which required narrative recollection of the film clips. Participants who received the ESI generated narratives that contained more perceptual details specifically. Relative to gist thinking, an episodic mode of thinking appears to facilitate encoding of perceptually rich memories for naturalistic events.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

Decades of research show that people are susceptible to developing false memories. But if they do so in one task, are they likely to do so in a different one? The answer: “No”. In the current research, a large number of participants took part in three well-established false memory paradigms (a misinformation task, the Deese-Roediger-McDermott [DRM] list learning paradigm, and an imagination inflation exercise) as well as completed several individual difference measures. Results indicate that many correlations between false memory variables in all three inter-paradigm comparisons are null, though some small, positive, significant correlations emerged. Moreover, very few individual difference variables significantly correlated with false memories, and any significant correlations were rather small. It seems likely, therefore, that there is no false memory “trait”. In other words, no one type of person seems especially prone, or especially resilient, to the ubiquity of memory distortion.  相似文献   

15.
本研究采用DRM范式,探讨了生命性对真实和虚假记忆的影响。实验1使用类别呈现词语强化类别加工,实验2伪随机呈现词语弱化类别加工并进行即时及延时探测。结果发现:(1)当强化类别加工时,生命性和类别对击中率有相类似的促进效应;(2)当弱化类别加工并进行即时探测时,生命性对击中率的促进作用最强;(3)类别效应促进真实记忆和虚假记忆,但生命性效应仅促进了真实记忆,而不影响虚假记忆的产生;(4)在即时与延时探测中均发现类别效应和生命性效应。本研究证明了:(1)生命性效应的作用机制不同于类别效应;(2)生命性效应对真实和虚假记忆的作用机制不同;(3)类别效应和生命性效应的存在时效长达24小时,但是生命性效应的衰退速度较快。  相似文献   

16.
情绪对错误记忆的影响及其应用启示   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
朱丽萍  袁加锦  李红 《心理科学》2011,34(4):813-818
与真实记忆一样,错误记忆也会受到情绪的影响,这主要表现在以下几个方面:(1)在正性心境下,个体会有更多的错误记忆;(2)个体对负性刺激更易产生错误记忆;(3)错误记忆存在着心境一致性效应。这些研究结果在临床治疗和司法鉴定等方面给了我们重要的启示:(1)避免心境一致性效应;(2)根据心境状态选择恰当的提问方式;(3)移植负性错误记忆治疗成瘾行为;(4)根据情绪体验辨别记忆的真伪。未来的研究在深入探讨情绪影响错误记忆的理论机制的同时,可以立足于两者的交互作用进行更多应用性的研究,以扩大其现实意义。  相似文献   

17.
One hundred and forty-six participants (age range = 20-80) completed a battery of tests designed to measure visual acuity, processing speed, inhibition, episodic memory and false memory. The relations between visual acuity and general cognitive ability, as well as between visual acuity and the indicators of this construct, were evaluated with structural equation modeling. The measurement model confirmed that the indicators of the individual cognitive abilities could be grouped into a general cognitive functioning factor. However, the relation between episodic and false memory was not completely explained by the shared association with this general factor. Furthermore, visual acuity predicted approximately half of the age-related variance in the general cognition factor. Also, the proportion of age-related variance shared with vision was highest in inhibition and lowest in false memory. The results are discussed in the light of common cause accounts of cognitive aging.  相似文献   

18.
    
Using the Deese/Roediger‐McDermott (DRM) false memory method, Smith and Hunt ( 1998 ) first reported the modality effect on false memory and showed that false recall from DRM lists was lower following visual study than following auditory study, which led to numerous studies on the mechanism of modality effect on false memory and provided many competing explanations. In the present experiment, the authors tested the modality effect in false recognition by using a blocked presentation condition and a random presentation condition. The present experiment found a modality effect different from the results of the previous research; namely, false recognition was shown to be greater following visual study than following auditory study, especially in the blocked presentation condition rather than in the random presentation condition. The authors argued that this reversed modality effect may be due to different encoding and processing characteristics between Chinese characters and English words. Compared with English words, visual graphemes of critical lures in Chinese lists are likely to be activated and encoded in participants' minds, thus it is more difficult for participants to discriminate later inner graphemes from those items presented in visual modality. Hence visual presentation could lead to more false recognition than auditory presentation in Chinese lists. The results in the present experiment demonstrated that semantic activation occurring during the encoding and retrieve phases played an important role in modality effect in false recognition, and our findings might be explained by the activation‐monitoring account.  相似文献   

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