谈谈注意的几个问题

在注意心理学中,有几个问题颇值得探讨。现仅就管见所及,提出一些看法,以就教于同志们。一注意的性质关于注意的性质,主要有这么两种似乎对立的说法:一说注意是一种心理特性;一说注意是一种心理过程。我以为这两种说法是可以统一起来的。按照潘菽同志所倡导的二分法,人的整个心理活动(过程)分为认识活动(过程)和意向活动(过程)两大部分。注意属于意向过程的范畴,自然它本身就是一种心理过程。注意过程的基本结构为:     

选择性注意机制在情景线索效应中的作用

情景线索效应是指个体在视觉搜索过程中通过学习重复不变的情景信息提高搜索效率的现象。本文从情景线索效应相关行为特征、眼动特征及大脑神经活动等三个方面探讨了情景线索效应与选择性注意机制的交互作用,发现现有研究中存在着许多互相冲突的现象,增加了理解注意机制的难度。未来研究应结合认知神经科学技术寻找更多的实证数据,探索注意机制对情景线索效应的影响,以进一步完善情景线索效应中的注意机制理论。     

汽车驾驶员的注意特点

注意,是驾驶员心理活动处于积极状态,使心理活动具有一定的指向和集中。注意的生理基础是大脑皮层优势兴奋区的形成和稳定。驾驶员在驾驶过程中,注意着外界的各种信息。各种信息通过人体感觉器官进入大脑,经过分析、判断,采取相应动作措施。所以注意是确保安全运行的前提。注意,与人的心理和习惯特性有关。不同的工作岗位要求有不同的注意力,从事课题研究,要求集中注意于某个课题,摒弃与     

高效率学习的选择性注意研究

本文回顾了视觉加工、双语学习、内隐认知、学习不能与专注力训练等领域的研究成果,从不同层面阐述了选择性注意对高效学习的贡献及其影响因素,为深入研究高效率学习的心理机制提供支持。     

抑制范式下的情绪注意偏向

与中性信息相比,情绪信息会引起更快更多的注意并具有一种认知加工上的优先权.在注意实验中,与不带情绪色彩的刺激相比,具有情绪意义的刺激更能吸引注意或占用注意资源且引起注意偏向.个体对情绪信息的适度偏向具有重要的社会生活意义.本文介绍了情绪注意偏向的注意成分理论、图式理论、注意资源理论和平行分布处理(PDP)模型,并分别对抑制范式下以不同情绪材料展开的正常被试和特殊被试的情绪注意偏向研究进行了总结概括,同时指出了未来在抑制范式下利用ERPs、fMRI新技术研究不同被试群体情绪与注意关系的可能性.     

注意和记忆对孤独症儿童词汇发展滞后的影响

孤独症语言障碍的表现之一是词汇发展滞后, 可能与其注意和记忆损伤有关。当前研究结果表明, 孤独症儿童在学习词汇时难以利用社会注意提供的有效信息, 且其注意易受到无关刺激干扰, 这可能导致其形成的物体-词汇的联结不稳定, 影响其进一步将这种联结整合到心理词典并保存在记忆中。未来研究应探究联合注意影响孤独症儿童词汇学习的发展轨迹和机制, 儿童的词汇知识对其词汇记忆的影响, 并关注自然场景中孤独症儿童的词汇学习过程和个体差异。     

运用行为矫正方法改进注意缺陷儿童课堂行为的研究

注意缺陷的两种类型--分心与注意无能直接影响儿童的学习成绩。注意缺陷是造成学习不良的重要因素,在学业不良学生中有注意缺陷的儿童占相当大的比例(约在10-20%).本研究运用行为矫正方法中的可变时间间歇强化(简称VI)程序来改进注意缺陷儿童的课堂行为。训练结果表明,在训练过程及跟踪阶段,6名被选儿童的注意集中水平有显着的提高,这证明VI程序对于改进一年级儿童的注意过程是有效的。     

现代认知心理学关于注意的研究

现代认知心理学一般倾向于把注意理解为人加工信息的有限容量,这种有限性来源于人的心理智源(mental resource)的有限性。所谓智源涉及到心理的努力、记忆的能力、通讯的通道,它们被指派去执行一定的任务。因为有限,所以一旦它们被全部指派去执行     

基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意

视觉系统是一个资源有限的信息加工系统, 在任何时刻视觉注意只能选择外界环境中的有限信息进行加工。工作记忆对于解决视觉场景中不同物体之间的注意竞争具有重要作用, 保持在工作记忆中的物体表征会以自上而下的方式引导注意优先选择视场中与之匹配的物体。本文系统回顾了有关工作记忆内容对视觉注意的引导作用的研究文献, 并探讨了基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意捕获的自动性, 指出基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意捕获是一个有条件的自动化过程。     

按照注意的规律组织教学

注意是一种常见的心理现象。学生在课堂上聚精会神地听讲,工人在车间全神贯注地进行生产,战士在战场上屏气凝视着射击目标,准备歼灭来犯之敌。这里的“聚精会神”、“全神贯注”、“屏气凝视”等等就是注意现象。这种注意现象,按其实质来说,乃是心理活动的一种特性,是人的心理活动对一定事物的指向和集中。我们知道,     

What Produces Television Attention and Attention Style?

Individual looks at television vary enormously in length, and this has previously indicated differences in ongoing cognitive processes. Furthermore, the relative frequency of looks of different lengths may indicate styles of attention to television. This article compares visual attention of 152 subjects across a variety of genres and examines differences located by situation, person, and media perception variables. Attention style was not consistent for individuals but varied for different types of programming and between‐program breaks. Situational, person, and media belief variables did not predict the proportions of four types of looks. They did, however, predict differences in the proportion of moderately short (orienting) looks across types of content, but not the previously more important very short (monitoring) or moderately long (engaged) looks. The overall importance of type of content in these results suggests that further research should examine within‐program differences in message construction and assess attentional style as patterns or sequences of looks.     

Attention, Joint Attention, and Social Cognition

ABSTRACT— Before social cognition there is joint processing of information about the attention of self and others. This joint attention requires the integrated activation of a distributed cortical network involving the anterior and posterior attention systems. In infancy, practice with the integrated activation of this distributed attention network is a major contributor to the development of social cognition. Thus, the functional neuroanatomies of social cognition and the anterior–posterior attention systems have much in common. These propositions have implications for understanding joint attention, social cognition, and autism.     

Attention genes

A major problem for developmental science is understanding how the cognitive and emotional networks important in carrying out mental processes can be related to individual differences. The last five years have seen major advances in establishing links between alleles of specific genes and the neural networks underlying aspects of attention. These findings have the potential of illuminating important aspects of normal development and its pathologies. We need to learn how genes and experience combine to influence the structure of neural networks and the efficiency with which they are exercised. Methods for addressing these issues are central to progress in the decade ahead.     

Attention and cognition

Forty 4-year-old children were subjects in an experimental designed to determine whether learning to attend to relevant cues is a sufficient condition for acquisition of length and number conservation. Three groups of non-conservers were trained by means of an oddity-problem procedure to attend to the cues specifying either length, number, or both length and number. They were subsequently tested along with an untrained control group on tasks of length, number, mass and continuous quantity conservation. Some improvement in conservation was found, but it was neither impressive in magnitude nor specific to the cues of training. For example, the group trained to attend to length cues conserved length about 25% of the time, the same rate at which this group also conserved number, mass, and liquid quantity. This non-specificity is contrary to an attention hypothesis and suggests instead that training, to the extent it was effective, induced a general, abstract quantitative knowledge.