绘画的医学功能与价值：历史叙事与哲学逻辑

绘画与医学的关系源远流长,绘画的医学功能与价值是一种历史赋予和医学文化的积淀,医学发展史是一部医学与绘画的关系史,从认知模式演变的角度看,图像与医学的关系大有覆盖绘画与医学关系的演化趋势。从柏拉图到笛卡尔,身心二元论从思想萌发到“我思故我在”第一哲学原则的确立,构成近现代医学中人的身心分离的形而上学根源。现象学、诠释学等重新定义了“我们与抽象的科学”之间的关系,力求建立一个新的超越身心二元论的理论框架。医学叙事是借助现象学对具身性主体的哲学解释及由此形成的主体间性理论,有效延展医学叙事的历史。

     

当代医药卫生改革的话语逻辑

运用语言哲学的方法分析了目前中国关于深化医药卫生体制改革意见的话语方式和文本内容,认为,如何划分医药卫生体系往往是界定问题和言语行动的逻辑前提,也是最重要的话语权的体现;“看病难”和“看病贵”可能是被误读的流行语;文件说什么,如何说,这是一种影响政府和市场行为的言语行为;如果作为医改指导思想的核心概念的语义含糊不清,那么,就难以保证言语行为的正确了。     

Reactions to Medical Diagnosis: The Role of Illness Stereotypes

Two studies were conducted to explore the role of illness stereotypes in appraisals of health threat. The results of Study 1 indicated that a substantial proportion of questionnaire respondents believed that high blood pressure (BP) is associated with positive personal characteristics (e.g., persistence) whereas a smaller proportion believed that high BP is associated with negative characteristics. In addition, more favorable stereotypes were correlated with lower ratings of the seriousness of high BP. Study 2 examined the effects of experimentally induced illness stereotypes on the health-related judgments of subjects who received false feedback on a test of their BP. The results revealed a significant effect of illness stereotypes on health-threat appraisals of high BP. Subjects who were led to believe that high BP was associated with achievement and competence perceived high BP as a less serious threat to health than did subjects who believed high BP was associated with less desirable traits. In addition, subjects given high BP readings reported fewer symptoms they were told were associated with high BP when the disorder was associated with negative characteristics. The results demonstrate the importance of illness stereotypes in appraisals of health threats, symptom reporting, and reactions to medical diagnosis.     

颅内动脉瘤的诊断、治疗时机及方法

分析颅内动脉瘤各种常用诊断方法的价值以及治疗时机和方法,认为对颅内动脉瘤应该在准确、快速诊断的基础上,按照安全、有效、经济的原则进行治疗。     

颅内动脉瘤的诊断、治疗时机及方法

分析颅内动脉瘤各种常用诊断方法的价值以及治疗时机和方法,认为对颅内动脉瘤应该在准确、快速诊断的基础上,按照安全、有效、经济的原则进行治疗.     

概率逻辑与模糊逻辑在精细化学习诊断中的对比研究

精细化学习诊断有助于客观准确探究学生学习现状,为实施有针对性的补救教学提供理论和数据支持。本文对比研究概率逻辑与模糊逻辑在精细化学习诊断中的表现。首先,从“概念”视角介绍和对比两种逻辑。其次,介绍两个分别基于上述两逻辑的代表性模型：HO-PINC和Fuzzy-DINA。然后,对比两模型在五个实证数据上表现。最后,通过模拟研究进一步对比两模型的心理计量学性能。DIC等模型-数据拟合指标和RMSE等参数返真性指标的结果表明两模型对同一批数据有较一致的分析结果。建议实践者忽略模型选择对数据分析的影响,从概念或思辨视角入手选择使用概率逻辑或模糊逻辑来定义属性。     

原则主义在医学伦理学领域的出场逻辑

原则主义在医学伦理学中出场逻辑的前提是伦理学中居于核心地位的道德原则及其作用。传统规范伦理道德原则始终是解决现实道德问题的出发点和落脚点,医学伦理学也不例外;然而医学伦理学不仅只是承认和应用道德原则,而且筛选出一些原则作为基本原则,然后将这些基本原则建构成原则主义的基本立场和观点,用来解决医疗卫生领域中出现的道德难题。原则主义在医学伦理学中的出场和应用确实解决了一些医疗卫生领域中的道德难题,推动了医学伦理学的新发展。但原则主义并没有像其提出者所设想的那样完美地解决所有道德难题,它本身也存在着理论上的缺陷,而且很多情况下,在实践上不仅不能解决道德困境,而且引起新的道德困境,因此需要得到进一步的修改和完善。

     

比较治疗专家系统在临床诊断中的应用

比较治疗专家系统是比较治疗学在临床应用的一个方向,它也是辅助医生临床诊断的一种智能化的工具.本文比较了现有各种知识表示方法的优缺点,简要介绍了比较治疗专家系统在医疗诊断中的研究现状;通过分析现存问题提出了一个可行性的研究方向.     

医学影像诊断工作中的哲学思维与人文思考

医学影像诊断不单纯是技术工作,也涉及到社会人文因素,尤其需要正确的诊断思维.进一步阐述了如下问题:(1)人本精神;(2)因人、因病制宜;(3)影像诊断的多因素性;(4)模式化和高效化;(5)动态论;(6)比较与综合;(7)实事求是与模糊思维;(8)极致性及其矛盾面;(9)影像医生的中位身份.     

比较治疗专家系统在临床诊断中的应用

比较治疗专家系统是比较治疗学在临床应用的一个方向,它也是辅助医生临床诊断的一种智能化的工具。本文比较了现有各种知识表示方法的优缺点,简要介绍了比较治疗专家系统在医疗诊断中的研究现状;通过分析现存问题提出了一个可行性的研究方向。     

The Psychosocial and Familial Dimensions of Work Addiction: Preliminary Perspectives and Hypotheses

Work addiction and its associated problems have been ignored or downplayed in the professional literature. The author reviews anecdotal research and the small number of empirical studies that examine the relationship between work addiction and family-of-origin dysfunction and its impact on family development. The latest empirical research, although tentative at best, was found to corroborate earlier anecdotal reports on nearly all the variables studied. Intervention strategies are presented for counselor implementation.     

The Person Positivity and Principal Actor Hypotheses1

Data from election studies in Sweden, the Netherlands, and the U.S. were analyzed to test the external validity of Sears' person positivity hypothesis. Although people in Sweden and the Netherlands did not rate their preferred party less favorably than that party's leader, overall the results in those two countries tended to support the person positivity hypothesis. However, the U.S. data indicated, contrary to the person positivity hypothesis, that people rated political parties more favorably than the nominees, or the people competing for the nominations, of those parties. An alternative, the principal actor hypothesis, was offered which is compatible with the data from all three countries. This hypothesis is that positivity or leniency will be extended in judgments that do not involve the principal actors in a political system. This accords with our findings that in the strong party systems of Sweden and the Netherlands, parties are judged less favorably than party leaders, while in the weak party system of the U.S., parties are judged more favorably than the individuals nominated by the parties.     

The Epistemic Status of Auxiliary Hypotheses: A Reply to Douven

I have previously argued that anti-realism cannot use the claim that theories have empirically equivalent rivals (EE) to establish that theories are underdetermined by evidence (UD). Douven objects that the auxiliary hypotheses needed to generate observational equivalence need not as I claimed be themselves underdetermined if (EE) is true, because they may be either compatible with observation or acceptable in the constructive-empiricist sense. I reply that these conditions are not strong enough to establish (EE): the auxiliaries have to be epistemically warranted if they are to fix a theory's observational commitments unambiguously. The support they require need not presuppose their respective observational consequences, because there are more holistic sources of warrant.     

浅谈医学科研思维的逻辑性

医学科研思维过程中最重要的就是医学假说的提出、验证,推理和遵守逻辑思维的过程。它以抽象的概念、判断、推理为思维形式,通过分析、综合、比较、分类等多种逻辑思维方法进行操作,以达到它的最终目的。逻辑思维能力对于医学科研工作者是至关重要的,医学科研工作者应该不断加强逻辑修养,不断提升科研思维水准。     

Logic: The Question of Truth

Philological background information is presented on the origin and composition of the text generally known as Kant's Logic. The text, which was not in the strict sense of the word written by Kant himself, but rather assembled by another writer whom Kant had authorized to do so on his behalf, is a mixture of materials, not all of which originate directly from Kant, and cannot claim full authenticity.     

Aristotelian Logic Axioms in Propositional Logic: The Pouch Method

A new theoretical approach to Aristotelian Logic (AL) based on three axioms has been recently introduced. This formalization of the theory allowed for the unification of its uncommunicated traditional branches, thus restoring the theoretical unity of AL. In this brief paper, the applicability of the three AL axioms to Propositional Logic (PL) is explored. First, it is shown how the AL axioms can be applied to some simple PL arguments in a straightforward manner. Second, the development of a proof method for PL inspired by the AL axioms is presented. This method mimics the underlying mechanics of the proof method from AL, and offers a complementary alternative to proof methods such as truth trees.     

The Psychiatric Diagnosis of Alcohol Abuse and the Medical Diagnosis of Alcoholic Related Liver Disease: Effects on Liver Transplant Survival

The present study investigated whether differing diagnostic criteria for alcoholism used by mental health professionals versus hepatologists lead to different outcomes in predicting liver transplant survival as determined by the medical record and without a priori judgments. This was in contrast to past studies, particularly in the liver transplant literature, demonstrating comparable survival rates between alcoholics and non-alcoholics that have typically employed a diagnosis of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD), which does not capture the salient maladaptive behavioral and interpersonal features associated with DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of Alcohol Abuse (AA) and Alcohol Dependence (AD). A series of survival analyses were conducted using data culled from the psychological and medical records of 358 first-time liver transplant recipients at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. The primary outcome investigated was liver graft survival following transplant surgery. Follow-up times varied from 0 days to 13 years, depending on the time of transplant and length of graft survival, with a median follow-up time of 6.2 years. Diagnoses of AA and AD predicted significantly poorer survival rates, while diagnoses of ALD did not. DSM-IV-TR alcoholism criteria appear to have greater utility for predicting survival differences beyond pathophysiologically defined alcoholic liver failure.     

Dual Intuitionistic Logic and a Variety of Negations: The Logic of Scientific Research

We consider a logic which is semantically dual (in some precise sense of the term) to intuitionistic. This logic can be labeled as “falsification logic”: it embodies the Popperian methodology of scientific discovery. Whereas intuitionistic logic deals with constructive truth and non-constructive falsity, and Nelson's logic takes both truth and falsity as constructive notions, in the falsification logic truth is essentially non-constructive as opposed to falsity that is conceived constructively. We also briefly clarify the relationships of our falsification logic to some other logical systems.