实验性恶心与呕吐——大脑皮层与内脏相关研究的新途径

大脑皮层与内脏关系的脑机制是揭示心身疾病和心理疾病的重要依据。本文综述了经典条件学习与期待性恶心与呕吐的关系以及实验性恶心与呕吐的研究方法。作者认为,实验性恶心与呕吐结合脑成像技术是研究大脑皮层与内脏关系神经机制的重要途径。     

序列依赖效应——一种全新的“历史效应”

自2014年来, 研究者在视觉加工中发现一种全新的历史效应——序列依赖效应(当前刺激加工向先前刺激方向偏移的吸引性加工偏差)。近期研究发现：该效应广泛存在于视觉加工的各个层面(既包括朝向、空间位置、数量等低级特征, 也包括身份、吸引力、美感等高级属性); 其来源极为复杂(包括感觉编码、高级皮层的反馈调节、工作记忆、决策模板、感知与决策的级联等), 反映出不同层次的过往加工痕迹向当前认知的投射。针对该效应的典型特征、影响因素、认知与神经机制, 已涌现大量研究, 同时也存在严重争论, 亟待研究者深入探讨和厘清。     

品牌消费旅程中消费者的认知心理过程——神经营销学视角

品牌消费旅程通常指的是对于品牌消费服务的多维度(包括认知, 情绪, 感觉, 行为和品牌关系)响应。揭示品牌消费旅程的认知心理过程是目前营销学领域之中研究的重点与热点。在梳理当前神经营销领域内有关功能性核磁共振(fMRI)、事件相关电位(ERP)、事件相关震荡(ERO)的相关研究成果后, 将消费者在品牌消费旅程之中的认知心理进程划分为注意吸引、决策形成、消费体验和品牌忠诚四个阶段, 并系统阐述了每个阶段之中消费者心理进程的神经机制与脑区活动, 进而全面立体地揭示消费心理的全貌。未来研究可以进一步探索不同神经指标在具体营销情境下的表征意义, 并结合超扫描技术进一步解析多个被试间的神经耦合情况。     

团队行动中反思与团队创新关系研究的动态视角——认知与情绪的双元路径

在复杂变化的市场环境中, 在我国实施创新驱动战略的背景下, 企业的长远发展需要依赖于团队创新以建立独特竞争优势。通过对已有团队反思与创新关系研究的梳理, 发现了二者间关系的黑箱, 理论认为回顾过去能够带来新思想和新变化, 然而针对其如何实现的过程机制的实证研究却十分匮乏。基于此, 在传统的行动后反思的思想基础上, 本研究提出团队行动中反思在概念内涵和实证测量上的区别, 检验行动中反思和行动后反思在不同创新阶段的差异性作用, 动态性分析创意形成和创意实施的行为结果, 通过整合动机性信息加工理论和情绪的社会功能视角, 提出认知层面的信息处理和情感层面的团队情绪这两种机制的耦合方式, 构建团队反思影响创新的整体模型, 并深入探讨影响作用的过程机制和边界条件, 以及对各阶段关系上情境因素的调节作用进行全面的分析, 为反思与创新理论和实践做出贡献。     

孤独症儿童潜在早期识别标志——发声异常及原因探析

孤独症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD)儿童的早期识别及早期干预对其发育结果至关重要。发声是指儿童学会说话之前发出的声音。已有研究表明, 非类言语和类言语发声异常是ASD儿童2岁前的潜在识别标志。ASD儿童发声异常的理论解释主要有动机导向、神经运动导向、感知觉导向和社会反馈导向理论。未来研究可考虑探讨发声异常作为ASD儿童独特的早期识别标志的可能性, 加强哭声在ASD儿童早期筛查中的研究, 探索基于最具预测性声学参数集的自动学习分类模型, 探究内在动机与社会动机对ASD儿童类言语发声的影响和进一步探究ASD儿童类言语发声异常的神经机制。从而为ASD儿童的早期识别及早期干预提供更加客观的理论依据。     

社会认知神经科学——一个很有前途的交叉学科

该文介绍了近年兴起的一门交叉学科——社会认知神经科学,着重阐述了它强调在社会、认知与脑神经等三个层面的交互作用上去理解心理现象。作者指出,东方亚洲人与西方人在知觉、注意、认知和人格上的差别都是十分成熟的,可以立即开展社会认知神经科学探索的问题。     

时间感知在跨期决策中的作用——时间决策模型的新探索

“时间”是跨期决策的“必需品”, 人们感知到的延迟时间决定跨期决策的结果。近年来, 研究者发现“时间长度感知”、“时间资源感知”和“时间框架感知”是时间感知作用于跨期决策的主要方式。时间感知的神经作用机制包含微观层面和宏观层面两种。“对数/指数时间折扣模型”、“感知时间基础模型”及“多模态漂移扩散模型”解释了时间感知的作用方式。然而, 现有理论模型还存在诸多局限, 主要包括“长短时距预测偏差”和“实际决策与预期决策偏差”两个方面。因此, 深入探讨时间感知影响跨期决策的基本方式, 分析现有理论模型的局限性并提出整合的机制框架具有十分重要的意义。未来研究亟需进一步整合时间感知的理论模型, 开展脑机制与应用方面的研究, 从深层揭露时间感知的作用本质, 帮助个人与社会更理性地决策。     

越富有越不支持再分配?——社会阶层与再分配偏向的关系及其心理机制

社会阶层是影响再分配偏向的重要因素。研究发现, 与低阶层者相比, 高阶层者再分配偏向更低。基于以往研究, 提出高社会阶层者低再分配偏向的作用机制及干预模型。依据该模型, 动机方面的经济自利与系统合理信念, 认知方面的经济不平等感知、贫富差距归因与刻板印象, 情感方面的同情心与地位焦虑是影响高阶层者再分配偏向的中介因素; 培育谦卑心态、进行反刻板印象干预、利用不平等框架效应、提高同情心、改变阶层文化价值观有助于提升高阶层者的再分配偏向。未来研究可对高阶层者的慈善行为及部分低阶层者拒绝再分配的现象加以关注, 深入考察和完善该模型的作用机制, 探索提升高阶层者再分配偏向的策略。     

家庭第一代大学生的心理挑战及其解析——基于文化不匹配理论的视角

家庭第一代大学生在大学校园的学习和生活中都面临着一定的挑战。以往文献表明家庭第一代大学生表现出了明显的心理适应水平低, 学校参与度不高以及学业表现不足。文化不匹配理论从大学生的文化自我模式与高校文化规范之间关系出发, 解释了家庭第一代大学生在大学生活中的适应与学业成就等方面的不利处境。以文化不匹配理论为基础, 对家庭第一代大学生所面临的心理行为挑战及其干预实践进行了系统的回顾。未来的研究可以关注人格因素对文化不匹配的调节作用, 也可以探讨教育多样化在推进教育公平过程中的角色以及我国家庭第一代大学生的独特心理特征等内容。     

领导权力和地位对下属建言的影响——心理安全感的作用

通过实验研究(研究1、2)和多来源、多时点的实地问卷调查(研究3), 本文发现: 领导权力对下属建言有消极作用, 领导地位对下属建言有积极作用; 领导地位调节领导权力对下属建言的影响, 当领导地位较低时, 领导权力对下属建言的负面作用增强, 反之则不显著; 领导地位对权力的调节作用通过下属心理安全感传递至下属建言行为。这一研究结果有助于阐明组织层级差异(如权力、地位)是如何影响下属建言行为的。     

Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Morrow Assessment of Nausea and Emesis (MANE) for the assessment of cancer chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting

The present study evaluated the concurrent validity of two assessment approaches for the measurement of cancer chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting. The results indicated that the concurrent validity between the Morrow Assessment of Nausea and Emesis (MANE; Morrow, 1984b) and continuous self-monitoring and the reliability on the MANE were moderate. The heterotrait-monomethod and heterotrait-heteromethod matrices demonstrated moderate correlations among the frequency, severity, and duration of anticipatory nausea and vomiting as well as high correlations among the frequency, severity, and duration of posttreatment nausea and vomiting. Additionally, the heterotrait-monomethod matrices show a number of correlations above chance between anticipatory and posttreatment symptoms. The results are discussed in light of future research endeavors.This research was supported in part by Research Grant IN-150 from the American Cancer Society.     

不同5-HT3受体拮抗剂预防腹腔镜术后恶心呕吐的临床观察

观察使用不同5-HT3受体拮抗剂预防全麻下腹腔镜手术术后恶心呕吐的临床效果。选择160例气管内插管全身麻醉下腹腔镜手术,随机分四组,每组40例,手术结束前30min分别静脉注射昂丹司琼4mg（A组）;托烷司琼2mg（B组）;格拉司琼3mg（C组）;D组为对照组。记录术后2h、6h、12h、24h患者恶心、呕吐出现的例数。结果四组患者术后恶心呕吐的发生率是一个逐渐下降的趋势,A、B、C三组与D组相比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;术后2h、6h、12hB组与A组、C组相比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;而术后24hA、B、C三组差异无统计学意义,A、B、C三组抑制恶心呕吐的有效率分别为67．5％、87．5％和70．0％,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,随访患者24h内无与药物相关的不良反应。结论：三种药物都能有效地预防术后恶心呕吐,但12h内托烷司琼的有效性更为明显。     

Anticipatory nausea and vomiting among cancer patients: A Review

Abstract

Anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV), as a side-effect of cancer chemotherapy, is a well recognized phenomenon. The literature is reviewed for data on: prevalence rates, factors contributing to onset and psychological treatments used to attempt a remission in the symptoms. From the available evidence it appears that ANV is a substantial problem with one major review indicating an average combined prevalence of 32%. Although explicable using a conditioning model it has a complex aetiology with emotional and cognitive elements, as well as specific pharmacological factors, playing a role in onset. ANV appears to be responsive to psychologically-based treatment methods, with a good outcome overall. However, more process evaluation is needed in order to understand aetiologic and treatment mechanisms and to determine how best to treat cases of ANV with different aetiologies. It is considered that procedures for identifying and referring patients with ANV should be routinely incorporated into the care of cancer patients receiving repeated cycles of chemotherapy.     

Further Evidence for Swimming-Based Pica in Rats

Aberrant pica behavior (i.e., kaolin clay ingestion) has been regarded as a behavioral marker of nausea in rats that cannot vomit because of anatomical and/or neural reasons. The previous study reported that a single swimming session of 40 min generated pica behavior, implying that swimming induces nausea in rats. However, the rats tested in that report were not experimentally naive. The present study successfully replicated swimming-based pica with experimentally naive rats (Experiment 1). It also showed that pica was observed with pool confinement of 20 min but not with that of 10 min (Experiments 2A and 2B) and that roaming in shallow water did not generate pica (Experiment 3). These results taken together suggest that swimming for at least 20 min induces nausea in rats, implying that rats’ taste aversion learning based on swimming is mediated by gastrointestinal discomfort.     

Conditioned nausea after cancer chemotherapy and autonomic nervous system conditionability

There are marked individual differences in conditioned nausea after cancer chemotherapy. To examine if part of this variation is associated with individual differences in autonomic nervous system conditionability, the present study addressed whether patients with conditioned nausea acquired conditioned heart rate and electrodermal responses at a different rate than patients without conditioned nausea. Of 28 relapse-free patients who had completed cisplatinum treatment for testicular cancer between 1981 and 1986, 10 reported persistent conditioned nausea, 8 extinguished conditioned nausea and 10 no conditioned nausea. These three groups were subjected to a differential conditioning paradigm with 8 sec pictorial stimuli (circles and triangles) serving as conditioned stimuli for an unconditioned electric shock while heart rate and electrodermal activity was monitored. There were 4 habituation, 8 acquisition and 8 extinction trials with each of the two cues. Analyses of variance using nausea status as the independent variable and physiological responses as the dependent lended some support to the notion that conditioned heart rate deceleration developed in response to the reinforced compared to the nonreinforced cue during acquisition in the two groups with persistent or extinguished conditioned nausea but not in the group with no conditioned nausea. In addition, patients that displayed good, as compared to poor heart rate conditionability during acquisition, were more likely to have persistent conditioned nausea, whereas those who showed poor heart rate conditioning mostly were those without conditioned nausea. Electrodermal variables revealed no systematic differences between groups. This tentatively supports that individual differences in parasympathetic but not sympathetic nervous system conditionability may be associated with individual differences in conditioned nausea resulting from cancer chemotherapy.     

Comparing the effectiveness of behavioral treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting when administered by oncologists, oncology nurses, and clinical psychologists.

Adequate control of side effects during medical treatment of cancer increases patient compliance and quality of life. Antiemetic drugs are not an effective treatment for the one in three cancer patients on chemotherapy who experience anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV); the behavioral treatment of systematic desensitization has been found effective for ANV when delivered by clinical psychologists. This study examined the effectiveness of systematic desensitization when delivered by medical personnel versus clinical psychologists. Seventy-two consecutive cancer patients with ANV were randomly assigned to no-treatment control or to systematic desensitization from 5 behaviorally trained clinical psychologists, 6 clinical oncologists, or 10 oncology nurses. The treatment was found effective in reducing anticipatory nausea, anticipatory vomiting, posttreatment nausea, and posttreatment vomiting compared to control patients, with no significant differences in effectiveness found between clinical psychologists and oncology staff. Although medical personnel should not engage patients in psychotherapy or other interventions that cannot be completed successfully, they can treat patients effectively with systematic desensitization and should be encouraged to learn and use this and other behavioral intervention techniques to benefit total patient care.     

CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE MACHINE

Abstract. We consider only the relationship of consciousness to physical reality, whether physical reality is interpreted as the brain, artificial intelligence, or the universe as a whole. The difficulties with starting the analysis with physical reality on the one hand and with consciousness on the other are delineated. We consider how one may derive from the other. Concepts of universal or pure consciousness versus local or ego consciousness are explored with the possibility that consciousness may be physically creative. We examine whether artificial intelligence can possess consciousness as an extension of the interrelationship between consciousness and the brain or material reality.     

Personality factors associated with anticipatory nausea/vomiting in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy

One hundred cancer chemotherapy patients rated the severity of pre- and posttreatment nausea and emesis and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, scores on the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory were obtained for 59 of those patients. Thirty-three percent of the patients reported having experienced anticipatory nausea and 11% reported having experienced anticipatory vomiting. Patients who experienced anticipatory nausea had more posttreatment nausea and vomiting, were more depressed, and were characteristically more anxious than other patients. A personality profile including the future despair, social alienation, and inhibited style (from the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory) identified patients with anticipatory nausea.     

Nausea During Pregnancy: Relation to Early Childhood Temperament and Behavior Problems at Twelve Years

Associations between maternal nausea during pregnancy and child behavioral outcomes were investigated in a large birth cohort. Generally, 2nd- and 3rd-trimester nausea were more predictive of child outcomes than 1st-trimester nausea. Children whose mothers reported nausea in middle or late pregnancy had lower sensory thresholds and higher levels of activity and emotional intensity in infancy and were reported to be lower in task persistence at age 5. At age 12, these children were viewed by teachers as more careless with their school work and as having more attentional and learning problems.