人事心理学中的效标研究

该文对人事心理学领域里的效标研究进行回顾,溉述了多重效标和合成效标及动态效标几个重要方面的研究成果,并提出了两个问题：（1）能否为不同的职务或职务群建立合适的效标体系;（2）根据效标的动态性,应定期或不定期地对效标体系进行修订。     

情境判断测验的效度研究述评

情境判断测验是一种为作答者呈现工作相关的典型情境以及该情境下可能的行为反应, 要求根据指导语提示进行选择或评价的测验形式。随着其理论和实践的发展, 研究者越来越关注情境判断测验的效度研究, 包括对其构想效度、效标关联效度和递增效度的探讨, 以及指导语类型、情境保真度以及计分方式等因素对其效度的影响。基于这些研究进展, 未来情境判断测验实践领域可能的方向是：(1)开发针对特定构想的情境判断测验; (2)结合具体构想选用相应的指导语; (3)应用作假和培训对效度影响的研究结果指导实践。     

情景判断测验效度的研究述评

文章在回顾近年来情景判断测验研究的基础上,总结了情景判断测验的效标关联效度、结构效度、增量效度和情景判断测验效度的影响因素.研究发现情景判断测验有较高的效标关联效度,是一种较好的人才选拔工具;情景判断测验是一种测量方法,可以用来测量指定的结构;情景判断测验对认知能力、人格、工作知识等变量具有增量效度;试题特性、测验开发模式、研究设计、评分方式等会影响情景判断测验的效度.     

等级效标分数的概率神经网络预测方法研究

针对基于统计学的等级效标分数预测存在的问题,提出了运用概率神经网络进行等级效标分数预测的方法。在20种条件下进行了计算机模拟实验,包括测验分数为单变量和多变量,以及各种水平的白噪声干扰条件,结果表明在测验分数为多变量的情况下,或者在有白噪声干扰的条件下,运用概率神经网络方法可以比统计学方法更好地对等级效标分数进行预测。     

多维自我概念量表的测量等价性检验

运用MSCS测量923名中国中学生自我概念,探查MSCS的跨组测量等价性。结果显示,MSCS具有跨性别、学校、城乡的严等价性。研究表明,MSCS是一个适应广泛的量表,可以基于观察数据进行跨性别、学校、城乡的平均数比较和方差齐性检验。     

自我监控量表的比较研究

该文旨在比较我们新编的自我监控量表是否优于Snyder自我监控量表.在360名大学生被试中用两种量表筛选出高自我监控者,通过比较他们(1)对情境线索的敏感性,(2)行为的控制源,以及(3)社会适应三个效标上的表现,比较新旧自我监控量表的优劣.研究结果显示新自我监控量比Snyder自我监控量表在对内在线索敏感性方面,在行为的内在控制方面比较旧量表好;在社会适应性方面,在艾森克人格量表中的精神质和神经质子量表上,得分要明显地低.说明新量表比旧量表有较大的改善.     

效在于药,还是效在于医——兼论辨证论治等几种常用的诊疗模式

如今有人仍延续“废医存药”的思想,片面强调药物的有效单体成分、成方以及个人的用药经验在治病中的作用,认为“效在于药”.医药一体化,但不能片面强调药物的重要性,医生的中医药理论水平和辨证论治水平是取得临床疗效的关键,“效在于医”.疗效主要在于医,这是中医的诊疗模式客观决定的.     

内隐学习的主观测量标准

近40年来,验证知识的内隐性一直是内隐学习研究的焦点。传统三大范式常以自由言语报告或是迫选测验作为验证知识内隐性的外显指标,然而各种迹象表明,言语报告和迫选测验存在一定的局限性。由此,Dienes等人提出了内隐学习的主观测量。文章将从言语报告和追选测验的局限性着手,阐述主观测量诞生的必要性及其在衡量知识意识性上的效度。     

形成性测量模型：结构方程模型的新视角

形成性测量模型(Formative Model, FM)是指标变异导致潜变量变异的模型, 反映性测量模型(Reflective Model, RM)是潜变量变异导致指标变异的模型。FM在模型界定、识别和估计、信效度评价以及模型应用等方面均与RM存在极大的不同。模型界定错误会使参数估计发生偏差, 影响统计结论的有效性, 应当审慎考虑指标和潜变量之间的关系, 选择恰当的测量模型。进一步揭示两者的区别和误用带来的偏差, 完善FM的识别和估计、信效度评价方法、对变量含义的解释以及高阶FM的理论解释和模型估计是未来的研究方向。     

词频和运动流畅性对学习判断的影响：多线索整合的视角

本研究探讨基于经验的运动流畅性和基于理论的词频对学习判断的影响以及二者可能存在的相互作用,探讨非分析性加工和分析性加工在元认知监测中的作用模式。结果显示：（1）运动流畅性和词频均会影响JOL;（2）运动流畅性对JOL的影响会因为词频的变化而改变,而在认知负荷条件下,词频对JOL的影响还会因为运动流畅性的变化而不同。研究结果支持JOL中的运动流畅性效应与词频效应,也表明分析性和非分析性加工在JOL中会共同发挥作用。     

WHEN PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT IS THE GOAL: A NEW SET OF CRITERIA FOR CRITERIA

Weitz (1961), aware of the lure of tradition and expedience, urged the identification of evaluation standards for dependent variables, which he referred to as criteria for criteria. In this article, five criteria are proposed using the mnemonic SURF & C: the directness of sampling (S); the responsiveness of the target (i.e., making sure the dependent variable is under (U) the worker's control); the reliability (R) of observers; the frequent (F) assessment of the target during the intervention period; and the critical (C) nature of the target. Together the criteria provide guidelines for what and how targets should be assessed. Their necessity is illustrated in two year-long experiments designed to improve the preventive maintenance of heavy equipment in the U.S. Marine Corps. Although the criteria are limited to evaluating dependent variables in field experiments, they are recommended as the foundation for successful performance efforts in any applied setting.     

DEVELOPMENT OF OBJECTIVE CRITERIA TO EVALUATE THE AUTHENTICITY OF REVELATION

Science has been dazzlingly successful in explaining nature. Scientific advances also have led to certain undesirable, though unintended, side effects, one of which is alienation from the spiritual. Revelation comes from the Divine. But what is the status of authenticity of a particular piece claimed to be revelation? What is its historical validity and current state of preservation? This essay proposes to develop a list of rational criteria, in consultation with all stakeholders, for addressing the subject. The aim is to bring objectivity into this discourse by placing it more on the turf of reason rather than basing it on considerations of faith and prior allegiance.     

论三段论推理过程中结论正确性的两种判断标准

人们进行三段论推理加工时是根据什么标准来判定推理结论的正确性的？实验结果支持下述观点：人们在进行三段论推理过程中,在判定推理结论的正误时,存在两种判定标准：一种是“形式标准”,另一种是“内容标准”;两种判定标准对于人们判定结论的正确性都有影响,哪个判定标准的影响力更大依赖于人们已掌握的知识结构。     

ON THE ONTOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL CRITERIA

Changes in the dimensionality of the moral criteria, i.e. of those aspects of an action-sequence to which a person pays attention when judging how good/bad (nice/naughty) the agent is, were studied with 7-, 10-, and 13-year-old girls and adult subjects. Action sequences varying in respect to potential moral criteria were presented as cartoons. A proximity setting technique and Kruskal's (1964) method of analysis were used. In the younger age groups a remorse-spite-dimension was obtained, the motive criterion becoming more dominant and differentiated with age. Methodological problems are discussed.     

团体儿童智力测验的编制：目的、准则及其衡鉴

论文阐述了选择编制与世界著名的个别施测的韦克斯勒儿童智力测验相似的但团体施行的儿童智力测验的理由;论述了指导新编测验的五条准则以及选题过程;还报告了对新编测验试用稿的几次相继的因素分析及其它的信度、效度检验结果。     

ON THE VERY IDEA OF CRITERIA FOR PERSONHOOD

I examine the familiar criterial view of personhood, according to which the possession of personal properties such as self‐consciousness, emotionality, sentience, and so forth is necessary and sufficient for the status of a person. I argue that this view confuses criteria for personhood with parts of an ideal of personhood. In normal cases, we have already identified a creature as a person before we start looking for it to manifest the personal properties, indeed this pre‐identification is part of what makes it possible for us to see and interpret the creature as a person in the first place. This pre‐identification is typically based on biological features. Except in some interesting special or science‐fiction cases, some of which I discuss, it is human animals that we identify as persons.     

A META-ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONS AMONG TRAINING CRITERIA

An augmented framework for training criteria based on Kirkpatrick's (1959a, 1959b, 1960a, 1960b) model divides training reactions into affective and utility reactions, and learning into post-training measures of learning, retention, and behavior/skill demonstration. A total of 34 studies yielding 115 correlations were analyzed meta-analytically. Results included substantial reliabilities across training criteria and reasonable convergence among subdivisions of criteria within a larger level. Utility-type reaction measures were more strongly related to learning or on-the-job performance (transfer) than affective-type reaction measures. Moreover, utility-type reaction measures were stronger correlates of transfer than were measures of immediate or retained learning. These latter findings support recent concurrent thinking regarding use of reactions in training (e.g., Warr & Bunce, 1995). Implications for choosing and developing training criteria are discussed.