Examining the Potential Exploitation of UNOS Policies

The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) waiting list was designed as a just and equitable system through which the limited number of organs is allocated to the millions of Americans in need of a transplant. People have trusted the system because of the belief that everyone on the list has an equal opportunity to receive an organ and also that allocation is blind to matters of financial standing, celebrity or political power. Recent events have revealed that certain practices and policies have the potential to be exploited. The policies addressed in this paper enable those on the list with the proper resources to gain an advantage over other less fortunate members, creating a system that benefits not the individual most in medical need, but the one with the best resources. These policies are not only unethical but threaten the balance and success of the entire UNOS system. This paper proposes one possible solution, which seeks to balance the concepts of justice and utility.

     

Examining the potential exploitation of UNOS policies

The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) waiting list was designed as a just and equitable system through which the limited number of organs is allocated to the millions of Americans in need of a transplant. People have trusted the system because of the belief that everyone on the list has an equal opportunity to receive an organ and also that allocation is blind to matters of financial standing, celebrity or political power. Recent events have revealed that certain practices and policies have the potential to be exploited. The policies addressed in this paper enable those on the list with the proper resources to gain an advantage over other less fortunate members, creating a system that benefits not the individual most in medical need, but the one with the best resources. These policies are not only unethical but threaten the balance and success of the entire UNOS system. This paper proposes one possible solution, which seeks to balance the concepts of justice and utility.     

清末上海清真寺董事会的内外关系、样板作用及借鉴意义

本文根据哈佛大学燕京学社图书馆珍藏的《上海清真寺成立董事会志》文献,分析了上海清真寺董事会代表的穆斯林社团与国家和地方政府的关系,以及与教职人员和教民的关系;简略地分析了清真寺董事会如何处理内外矛盾和调解社团内部矛盾的经历;文章通过宗教及和谐模式的角度分析了上海清真寺董事会在中国伊斯兰教中的样板作用;文章最后概括了董事会的借鉴意义,认为这样的宗教社团组织的出现是近代中国伊斯兰社会积极适应社会变革形势的发展结果.     

The Prize:

The Prize: Disability, Parenthood, and Adoption details the concerns and experiences of the author and her husband, an inter-racial couple with disabilities, during the process that culminated in the adoption of their daughter. The author discusses the reactions of others-relatives, social workers, doctors, lawyers, friends, and her husband-to her desire to have a child, and reveals her own considerations and fears. She also documents the couple's experiences, good and bad, with fertility doctors, support groups, adoption agencies, and private adoption lawyers. The article should be of special interest to those involved or interested in the adoption process, particularly as it applies to disabled and/or interracial couples.     

The neglected bulimic: The nonpurger

For nearly 10 years bulimia has been recognized officially as a distinct eating disorder, and yet in that time only minimal attention has focused on the nonpurging subtype. The present investigation compared 21 DSM-III-R diagnosed nonpurging bulimics with 22 non-eating-disordered controls on three standardized questionnaires and during a unique assessment task. In this procedure subjects imagined that they were the character in a series of slides and audiotaped flooding scenes. The content of the stimuli ranged from food and weight cues to issues hypothesized to play a role in the development or maintenance of bulimia (e.g., rejection or loss of control fears). A MANOVA conducted on the three questionnaires was highly significant, with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Restraint Scale being responsible for the elevated bulimic scores. A repeated-measures ANOVA performed on the self-report ratings during the exposure task also achieved significance, as the bulimics reported higher anxiety reactions than controls to each experimental stimulus. Significant skin conductance reactions were detected when a group of only the most psychophysiologically responsive bulimics and controls were compared. The importance of continued comprehensive evaluations with DSM-III-R nonpurging bulimics was emphasized.This research was supported by grants both from the University of New Mexico's Research Allocation Committee and the Biomedical Research Support Grant committee. Portions of this paper were presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy annual conference, Boston, November 1987.     

Recognition: Recognizing The Brother And The Other: Avishai Margalit

Recognition is a name of a problem rooted in German idealism and Hegel's thought. It is not one problem but a family of problems. Indeed, it is a research programme, in which Axel Honneth is an important practitioner.
The tree of knowledge, like other trees, should be inspected by its fruits and not by exposing its roots. So my main concern is in rendering the problem of recognition in current idiom, rather than in Hegel's original idiom. What I shall try to do here is to present an account of the problem of recognition, which is parallel to the account suggested in Honneth's Struggle of Recognition . It is parallel in Plutarch's sense of 'parallel' lives, namely as an object of comparison.     

Linda问题:"齐当别"抉择模型的解释

大量有关人类归因判断的研究表明,人类经常违反理性概率公理.Tversky和Kahneman(1983)使用Linda问题等特定场景的研究发现,人们系统性地表现出违反理性推断标准,判断合取事件发生概率大于其组成事件发生概率,称之为合取谬误,并用人们使用代表性启发式判断概率来解释该现象产生的原因.然而使用启发式观点对合取谬误现象进行解释过于模糊不清.该文首先介绍了合取谬误现象及其解释模型,然后应用Li(1994,2004)提出的不确定情形下决策理论--"齐当别"抉择模型对Linda问题中合取谬误产生的原因进行了新的解释.