国外团队凝聚力研究述评

凝聚力自提出以来,已经成为心理学界和管理界广泛关注的研究领域,并且随着研究的不断深入,企业、运动团队、学校和军队逐渐开始关注凝聚力的发展。凝聚力是团队存在和发展的基本要求,是团队取得成功的关键,同时也是衡量团队高绩效的重要指标之一。通过了解团队凝聚力的状况可以很好的反应团队任务的完成情况。文章对团队凝聚力的概念和构成进行了介绍,并分析了团队凝聚力的影响因素。最后,总结了团队凝聚力的测量方法并对未来凝聚力的研究提供了若干建议。     

小学生团队合作学习成绩之群体影响因素研究

将小学四年级实验班42名小学生组建成七个异质团队,进行为期三个月的团队合作学习训练,以探讨群体变量对团队合作学习成绩的影响,并比较实验班和对照班之间语文成绩之间的差异。研究结果表明:团队组长管理风格、团队承诺、团队集体效能感、团队凝聚力四个群体变量对合作学习型团队的学习成绩有显著的影响。团队满意感虽然与团队学习成绩显著相关,但对团队学习成绩的影响不显著。     

魅力型领导与军事团队绩效：军政双主官的交互效应及士气的中介

我军广泛实行分工负责军事和政治工作的平级双领导体制,两名主官的相互作用可能产生额外影响效果。本研究在“连”这一双领导军事团队中,构建了一个以士气为中介的交互效应模型,考察连长和指导员的魅力型领导对连队绩效的影响。对350名军校士兵学员进行问卷调查,结果显示：（1）连长和指导员的魅力型领导对连队绩效具有交互效应。（2）士气在连长、指导员的魅力型领导与连队绩效之间均具有中介效应。（3）连长、指导员的魅力型领导对连队绩效的交互效应受到士气的中介。（4）双主官的交互效应为补偿式：与低魅力型领导搭档时,高魅力型领导的积极效果凸显,但两位高魅力型领导的协同效应不显著。     

魅力型领导与军事团队绩效：军政双主官的交互效应及士气的中介

我军广泛实行分工负责军事和政治工作的平级双领导体制,两名主官的相互作用可能产生额外影响效果。本研究在“连”这一双领导军事团队中,构建了一个以士气为中介的交互效应模型,考察连长和指导员的魅力型领导对连队绩效的影响。对350名军校士兵学员进行问卷调查,结果显示：（1）连长和指导员的魅力型领导对连队绩效具有交互效应。（2）士气在连长、指导员的魅力型领导与连队绩效之间均具有中介效应。（3）连长、指导员的魅力型领导对连队绩效的交互效应受到士气的中介。（4）双主官的交互效应为补偿式：与低魅力型领导搭档时,高魅力型领导的积极效果凸显,但两位高魅力型领导的协同效应不显著。     

团队领导与团队有效性:基于社会认同理论的多层次研究

随着工作团队的广泛应用,团队有效性已成为研究者与管理者关注的焦点。团队领导作为影响有效性的关键因素,其作用机制得到研究者的日益关注。虽然团队领导的多层特征与中介机制已进入研究者的视野,但多层交互作用机制的实证探讨还较少;领导测量的情境性尚未得到充分关注。本研究在双通道团队变革型领导模型和社会认同理论基础上,提出基于团队、个体各自独立水平与两者交互层面的团队变革型领导作用机制模型。研究将在开发双通道团队变革型领导行为的情景判断测验基础上;通过企业问卷调查分阶段收集多源数据,整合多层结构方程与多层线性模型的数据分析,验证假设中的团队层面变量(团队聚焦变革型领导、关系认同、集体认同)与个体层面变量(个体聚焦变革型领导、领导成员交换、领导导向关系认同)之间的交互关系与边界条件,及对有效性的影响。研究结果一方面可拓展现有的团队领导理论,另一方面可为团队领导选拔等实践应用提供支持。     

虚拟团队理论研究及其发展趋势

本文对近几年来有关虚拟团队产生的背景、基本理论研究思路、研究现状及其未来研究的发展趋势作了初步讨论。文章的主要结论是：对虚拟团队的理论研究正在从静态的、横向的、宏观的层次,向更为动态的、纵向的、微观的层次深入;将更加关注虚拟团队运作机制的研究;将更加关注电子商务背景下的项目虚拟团队;将更多的采用较为系统的现场和实验室研究的方法;将更加注重虚拟团队过程绩效的评估。     

团队任务冲突与团队领导行为及团队学习的关系研究

本研究旨在探讨项目团队领导基于角色的不同行为对团队内部的任务冲突互动,以及团队学习的影响.以128个项目团队为研究对象进行的问卷调查结果表明,在领导行为与团队学习的关系中任务冲突存在显著的中介效应.其中,团队领导的促进者与指挥者角色行为完全通过任务冲突的中介传导,对团队学习产生影响,;而领导的创新型行为则通过任务冲突的部分中介作用,产生对团队学习的正向影响.     

团队内卷化量表的编制及初步应用

随着社会竞争压力的加剧,内卷化成为极其普遍的社会现象。研究1从组织行为视角出发,通过质性访谈和问卷调查探索团队内卷化的结构,编制出适用于企业员工的团队内卷化量表。探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析表明,团队内卷化量表由过度精细化和过度竞争两个维度构成,且量表的信效度良好。研究2进一步使用自编的团队内卷化量表,探究团队内卷化对团队绩效的作用机制。结果表明,团队工作投入和团队消极情绪在团队内卷化与团队绩效的关系中起并行中介作用。一方面,团队内卷化能够提升员工的团队工作投入,进一步促进团队绩效的提升;另一方面,团队内卷化也会引发团队消极情绪,削弱团队绩效。     

虚拟团队中交互记忆系统理论研究现状述评

交互记忆系统(Transactive Memory System,TMS),团队成员在交流的过程中形成的一种合作性分工系统,简单来说就是团队成员对于“谁知道什么”的一种共同认知.通过TMS,团队成员能够协调彼此的专长从而提高团队知识整合和共享水平.文章回顾了TMS和虚拟团队的相关概念,重点从虚拟团队中TMS的形成、效用以及虚拟性与TMS的关系三个角度对虚拟团队中TMS的相关研究进行了归纳,最后指出未来不仅需要深入研究团队输入、输出和调节因素的影响,还需考虑到不同的信息技术的影响以及研究方法和范围的完善.     

团队情绪研究述评及展望

团队情绪指不同团队成员情感成分的整合状况。通过搜索2000年以来国内外重要学术期刊的相关研究,介绍了团队情绪的组成成分以及团队情绪研究方法,梳理出团队情绪的形成过程,从团队情绪规范、不同情绪状态和特指情绪三方面回顾了团队情绪对团队产出的影响。最后总结了团队情绪的主要研究路径和研究方法,明确指出探索团队情绪这一重要心理变量将会深化团队研究     

团体心理治疗中凝聚力的概念及测量研究述评

团体心理治疗中的凝聚力最初多被定义为人际信任、吸引和卷入,随着研究的深入,凝聚力的概念逐渐向多维的方向发展。对凝聚力的测量主要有MacKenzie的团体氛围量表、Lese等的治疗因素-凝聚力分量表及Piper的凝聚力量表等。目前团体心理治疗领域的研究对凝聚力的认识缺乏一致性。从凝聚力的概念建构着手,探索团体心理治疗过程,开发评估工具,构建系统的理论和模型,是值得国内研究者关注的方向。     

企业管理者沟通能力对组织群体凝聚力影响的实证研究

企业管理者沟通能力是影响企业管理绩效的重要因素。本研究运用自编“管理者沟通能力问卷”、“员工群体凝聚力问卷”,对北京、上海、沈阳、宁夏和广州等城市的429名企业管理者和员工进行测量,采用SPSS11.0社会统计分析软件包进行沟通能力与群体凝聚力的多元逐步回归分析。结果表明,沟通能力对于群体凝聚力具有较高预测性,其中人际沟通能力对群体凝聚力的解释能力较强,从而证实群体凝聚力是可以作为检验沟通能力的重要效标的;言语表达能力在对群体凝聚力的回归方程中占据最大成分。     

Unit Social Cohesion in the Israeli Military as a Case Study of “Don't Ask,Don't Tell”

U.S. military policy “Don't Ask Don't Tell” (DADT) restricted integration of gays in the U.S. military based on the premise that knowledge of gay peers would decrease interpersonal bonds among unit members. Despite the heated debate over DADT, this social cohesion thesis, reflecting the tensions of homosocial desire, has not been tested empirically. The Israeli military provides an operative case‐study for this thesis, given its nonexclusionary policy and intensive combat experience. Measures of perceived social cohesion and knowledge of gay peers were obtained from a sample of 417 combat and noncombat male soldiers using an inventory of interpersonal emotions towards unit members. A MANOVA of social cohesion by knowledge of gay peers and combat/noncombat unit yielded the hypothesized increase in cohesion in combat versus noncombat units. Yet contrary to the DADT premise, knowledge of gay peers did not yield decreased social cohesion. Comparisons with the U.S. military are presented, suggesting in both cases a loose coupling between stated policies and soldiers' experience on the ground. Implications of these findings for the reassessment of DADT and its repeal are discussed.     

军队士气研究述评

在军事领域中,士气是军事力量的重要组成部份,对士气的研究一直是军事心理学研究的热点。文章总结了军队士气研究的几个方面:定义,影响因素,测量,对降低战场应激反应的作用,并提出培育士气的思考和建议。     

Perceived motivational climate and unit cohesion: The case of French soldiers in training

Using a correlational design, this exploratory research investigates the relationships between soldiers’ perceptions of the motivational climate created by platoon leaders and unit cohesion in a French military sample. Conducted among 257 soldiers, the findings indicate that new recruits perceive motivational climate as significantly more task- than ego-involved. Moreover, multiple regressions show that a task-involving motivational climate predicts higher measures of cohesion than does an ego-involving motivational climate. Implications for the professionalization of military forces and exercising command in training are discussed.     

The Nature and Consequences of Group Cohesion in a Military Sample

The 1st objective of this study was to explore the dimensionality of the work-adapted version of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ; Carron, Widmeyer, &; Brawley, 1985 Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N. and Brawley, L. R. 1985. The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire.. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7: 244–266. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) in a military setting. The 2nd was to investigate how group cohesion relates to job performance, job satisfaction, and psychological distress. To this end, 447 Canadian military employees who worked in units completed the GEQ, along with measures of job performance, job satisfaction, and psychological distress. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the hypothesized 4-factor model of the GEQ provided a better fit to the data than did alternative models. A path analysis indicated that perceptions of task-related cohesion were predictive of job satisfaction, whereas dimensions of cohesion reflecting attraction to the group were inversely associated with psychological distress. The relevance of social identity with respect to psychological dimensions and correlates of group cohesion is discussed.     

青少年期亲子冲突与亲子亲合的发展特征

采用整群随机抽样法,运用亲子冲突与亲子亲合问卷对684名初一、初三和高二学生进行调查,结果发现：（1）大部分青少年与父母冲突的次数较少,强度较弱,亲合度较高,但也有一小部分青少年与父母关系较紧张。（2）初三青少年与母亲的冲突次数和强度均显著高于初一青少年;随年级增长青少年与母亲的亲合缓慢下降,而与父亲的冲突及亲合发展均较稳定。（3）青少年与父母的关系在某些方面存在子代性别和父代性别的主效应及交互作用。     

Measurement of Group Cohesion in U. S. Army Units

Two studies examined whether those identified as having a more present time perspective (PTP) are more likely to report using alcohol, drugs, and tobacco. In Study 1, across 2,627 participants from 15 samples, we found that PTP, as assessed by the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, was related to more frequent self-reported alcohol, drug, and tobacco use (Substance Use scale: average r = .34, p <.001). Future time perspective (FTP) was negatively related to reported substance use (average r = -.16, p < .001), but the relation was weaker than that of PTP, suggesting that PTP and FTP are independent constructs. In Study 2, we found that PTP was a significant predictor of reported substance use even after controlling for many personality traits that have been related to increased substance use. These findings indicate that time perspective is an important individual difference construct that should be considered when examining health-related behaviors, such as substance use and abuse, and in planning intervention programs.     

内隐理论与群体关系

内隐理论是外行人对社会世界中人与事的朴素解释。人们对社会分类(种族、宗教、性别、职业等)属性的理解, 影响着个体对群体信息的加工、判断和反应, 能显著地预测群体过程(如刻板印象、偏见、歧视等), 并调节着社会认同的心理效应, 这弥补了社会认同过程中对个体差异的考虑, 对社会认同理论的发展具有重要贡献。实证研究表明：在改善和促进群体关系的实践中, 可以将外行人的内隐理论作为一个中介, 以此减少刻板印象和偏见, 培育良好的群体关系。未来研究中, 需要进一步整合内隐理论的概念, 采取一些纵向的研究为实践提供科学的指导。     

Group Session Rating Scale: Preliminary psychometrics in substance abuse group interventions

Background: Although ultra‐brief outcome and process measures have been developed for individual therapy, currently there are no ultra‐brief alliance measures for group therapy. Method: The current study examined 105 clients in group therapy for issues related to substance abuse or with issues related to the substance abuse of a significant other. We tested whether a newly developed group therapy alliance measure – the Group Session Rating Scale would be related to other commonly used group process measures (Working Alliance Inventory, Group Cohesion, Group Climate) and early change (change over the first four sessions of group therapy). Results: The findings provided support for reliability based on Cronbach alphas and test‐retest coefficients. Additionally, the GSRS was a one‐factor measure that was related to other group process measures as well as predicted early change. Discussion: Clinical implications for how to utilise ultra‐brief outcome and alliance measures are provided.