An improved method for evaluating ideal standards in self‐perception and mate preferences

The aim of the study was to improve the methodology for measuring ideals of self‐perception and mate preferences. The Ideal Standards Model (ISM; Fletcher, Simpson, Thomas & Giles, 1999) was used as a basis for development of the scale. It was further modified by adding a number of items from previous studies. Data were collected from 223 participants, aged 19 to 27 years. The results suggested that a modified five‐factor version of the ISM is an appropriate method for evaluation of ideal characteristics. The five factors are warmth/ trustworthiness, status/ resources, intelligence, social skills and physical attractiveness.     

Idealized media images and adolescent body image: "comparing" boys and girls

Sociocultural theories of body image suggest that body dissatisfaction results from unrealistic societal beauty ideals, and one way of transmitting these ideals is through the mass media. The present research aimed to examine the effect of exposure to images of idealized beauty in the media on adolescent girls’ and boys’ body image. The participants (595 adolescents) viewed television commercials containing either images of the thin ideal for women, images of the muscular ideal for men, or non-appearance television commercials. Body dissatisfaction was measured before and after commercial viewing. It was found that exposure to idealized commercials led to increased body dissatisfaction for girls but not for boys. Idealized commercials led to increased negative mood and appearance comparison for girls and boys, although the effect on appearance comparison was stronger for girls. Further, participants high on appearance investment reported greater appearance comparison after viewing idealized commercials than those less strongly invested in their appearance. The results suggest the immediate impact of the media on body image is both stronger and more normative for girls than for boys, but that some boys may also be affected.     

A note on the uniqueness of minimum rank solutions in factor analysis

A revised theorem is presented concerning uniqueness of minimum rank solutions in common factor analysis.     

皮亚杰、维果茨基与布鲁纳的儿童教育思想比较

比较儿童教育与心理发展有着密切的关系,理解教育在发展过程中的作用并掌握儿童心理发展的特点,可以更好地处理教育与发展的关系并促进儿童的发展。在这方面,皮亚杰、维果茨基与布鲁纳都为后人留下了丰富的遗产,也给我们现代教育教学带来了深刻启示。     

Similar to and/or Better than Oneself? Singles' Ideal Partner Personality Descriptions

Using the HEXACO Model of Personality, we explored two kinds of ideal partner preferences regarding personality traits, namely, to what extent people prefer partners similar to themselves (similarity preference) and to what extent people prefer partners with more desirable trait levels than themselves (aspirational assortative preference). We conducted five studies (overall N > 900) across four countries (China, Denmark, Germany, and the USA), looking at both HEXACO factors and facets, using both self‐report questionnaires and real‐life data (personal profiles from a dating website), and comprising both student and more heterogeneous samples. The results provided support for both kinds of ideal partner preferences, with important differences across traits. Specifically, similarity preference was supported by all studies concerning all HEXACO traits, and aspirational assortative preference was supported by all four self‐report studies (though not the dating website study) concerning all HEXACO traits except for Openness to Experience. Concerning differences in preferences among the HEXACO traits, similarity preference was particularly pronounced for Honesty–Humility and Openness to Experience, moderate for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, and less pronounced for Emotionality and Extraversion. Aspirational assortative preference, by contrast, was particularly pronounced for Emotionality, Extraversion, and Agreeableness, moderate for Honesty–Humility, and inconsistent for Conscientiousness. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology     

超我:他律内化的理想类型——弗洛伊德的道德理论及其意义

弗洛伊德认为道德产生于人的本能与现实之间的矛盾,良心是人自身反对自身的斗争,道德的产生意味着人自身的本能等感性力量得不到发展。良心的存在与维持,依赖于外在的权威力量的存在。弗洛伊德的超我是他律的内化这一道德模式的理想类型,是对此类道德模式的一种理论建构。     

当代中国青少年理想的现状及影响因素研究

为考察当代中国青少年理想的现状及其影响因素,研究采用当代青少年理想调查问卷对全国12个省份的5000名青少年进行调研,结果发现当代中国青少年的理想水平较高,其中男生在身体理想方面的水平高于女生,在道德、人格、学业、生活和职业等理想方面的水平低于女生;初中生在道德、人格、生活和社会等理想方面的水平高于高中和大学低年级学生,在物质、身体、学业和职业等理想方面的水平低于大学低年级学生,而高中生的学业和职业理想的水平低于初中生和大学低年级学生。回归分析发现,父亲文化程度能够正向预测青少年的职业理想,母亲文化程度对青少年的生活理想有负向预测作用,家庭收入对青少年的物质、生活和身体理想有显著的正向预测作用。     

青少年理想身体自我量表编制

对1124名青少年被试进行开放式问卷、封闭式问卷测试和探索性因素分析,结果表明:自编青少年理想身体自我量表具有良好的信度和效度。男性理想身体自我的维度为:性感魅力、运动健康、高大力量、浓眉大眼。女性理想身体自我的维度为性感魅力、匀称健康、苗条飘逸和洋气骨感。在中国文化背景下,青少年理想身体自我是多维度的。男性和女性理想身体有共同维度,均看重健康、性感和头发;也存在不同的维度,即男性身体更强调有力量、强壮和高大,女性身体更强调苗条和匀称。     

Enhancing Positive Citizenship Ideals on Students Through Bibliotherapy and Cognitive Counseling

1　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　Ａｃｈｉｅｖｉｎｇｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｃｉｔｉｚｅｎｓｈｉｐｉｄｅａｌｓｉｎａｓｏｃｉｅｔｙｉｓａｎｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｉｎｇｒｅｄｉｅｎｔｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｕｓｔｅｎａｎｃｅｏｆａｖｉａｂｌｅａｎｄｆｏｒｗａｒｄ ｌｏｏｋｉｎｇｓｏｃｉｏ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌａｎｄｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｅｎｔｉ ｔｙ .Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｃｉｔｉｚｅｎｓｈｉｐｉｄｅａｌｓａｒｅｔｉｅｄａｒｏｕｎｄｃｏｍｍｉｔ ｍｅｎｔａｎｄｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｔｈｅｐｌｅｄｇｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｄｉ ｖｉｄｕ…     

The Ideal Patient and the Realities of Clinical Work

As candidates, and later as practicing analysts, we filter the idea of what patients, analysts, and the analytic process should look like through our own ego ideal. Literature that is often stilted toward a theoretical ideal further muds the picture. Finally, we are often confused by the quest for the perfect patient who meets the criteria for analyzability outlined by our training institute, our supervisors, our teachers, and our own demanding superegos. This paper examines several cases of clinical work that falls far short of any ideal. However, these realistic snapshots of day-to-day clinical work are too important to be ignored as simply failed cases with unanalyzable patients. Often, even the briefest of clinical encounters enrich the analyst's understanding of human functioning and occasionally benefits the patient as well. If the analyst uses the analytic stance with all of his patients, a useful analytic discourse may take place with some of them. These cases are not standard or complete analytic treatments, but the results are often valuable to the practitioner and potentially helpful to the patient.     

Superego and perversion

Contemporary debates about the Freudian notion of superego are presented highlighting the importance of this notion for both psychoanalytic theory of culture and clinical work. Different versions of the relationship between superego and moral conscience, as well as between superego and ego ideal are identified, which may account for the contradictory positive and negative aspects that the superego assumes in Freudian theory. Points of convergence and divergence between Kantian categorical imperative and the superego are discussed.     

中西形而上学的异通发微

中国传统哲学属于境界形态的形而上学 ,它与西方的自亚里士多德以来的实体形态的形而上学不同。亚氏的形而上学是由对是的逻辑分析开始的 ,即由对逻辑命题的分析而寻找不变的实体存在。亚氏的思维方式对西方文化产生了深远的影响。中国传统哲学则不然 ,它是由“省身”、“尽心、知性、知天”、“思诚”、“静观”、“玄览”、觉悟而去认识世界的本体 ,这种形而上学固然是境界形态的。至于现代 ,西方哲学出现了转向 ,存在主义者海德格尔对存在 (是 )作了新的诠释 ,海氏的诠释在某种意义上与中国传统哲学有契合之处 ,这从一个侧面说明了中国传统哲学所潜含的现代意义。     

萌萌哒还是古灵精怪?奢侈品品牌可爱风格对消费者偏好的影响

奢侈品品牌热衷于使用可爱风格与消费者进行互动。本文以理想自我理论为基础,通过4个实验探索奢侈品品牌可爱风格类型对消费者偏好的影响机制和边界条件。实验1表明奢侈品品牌的可爱风格(婴儿图式/古灵精怪)会显著地影响消费者的品牌偏好,验证了主效应的因果链模型。实验2进一步明确了主效应的边界,结果表明品牌可爱风格对消费者偏好的影响只在奢侈品品牌的情境下才存在。实验3探索了自我监控水平对主效应的调节作用,发现对于低自我监控的个体,奢侈品品牌的可爱风格难以有效地影响品牌偏好。实验4分析了个体发展阶段对主效应的调节作用,结果表明对于成年期个体,古灵精怪可爱风格比婴儿图式可爱风格更能提高个体的奢侈品品牌偏好,对于童年期个体,婴儿图式可爱风格比古灵精怪可爱风格更易获得青睐。     

男性理想体型变化及其影响因素

现代男性对自身体型的关注程度日益升高,理想体型也发生变化,从单一的肌肉发达体型发展为低体脂高肌肉的双维度体型。影响男性理想体型的因素主要分为两类:生物因素和社会文化因素。生物因素方面,不同性别、年龄和性取向的群体拥有不同的男性理想体型;社会文化方面,社会文化通过家庭、同伴和媒体三个渠道向理想体型施加影响。未来的研究应该进一步通过实验确立体脂与肌肉双维度的男性理想体型,并结合纵向研究验证生物及社会文化因素的影响,完善男性理想体型的理论系统,为政府制定身体意象相关的干预措施和政策提供详实有力的理论依据。     

萌萌哒还是古灵精怪?奢侈品品牌可爱风格对消费者偏好的影响

奢侈品品牌热衷于使用可爱风格与消费者进行互动。本文以理想自我理论为基础,通过4个实验探索奢侈品品牌可爱风格类型对消费者偏好的影响机制和边界条件。实验1表明奢侈品品牌的可爱风格(婴儿图式/古灵精怪)会显著地影响消费者的品牌偏好,验证了主效应的因果链模型。实验2进一步明确了主效应的边界,结果表明品牌可爱风格对消费者偏好的影响只在奢侈品品牌的情境下才存在。实验3探索了自我监控水平对主效应的调节作用,发现对于低自我监控的个体,奢侈品品牌的可爱风格难以有效地影响品牌偏好。实验4分析了个体发展阶段对主效应的调节作用,结果表明对于成年期个体,古灵精怪可爱风格比婴儿图式可爱风格更能提高个体的奢侈品品牌偏好,对于童年期个体,婴儿图式可爱风格比古灵精怪可爱风格更易获得青睐。     

美国医师的职责

在此讨论的主要问题是,什么样的社会力量能使医师对诊治病人和技术操作的质量担负起责任？这种社会力量的来源之一是职业理念;另一种约束力来自于正规社会机构的直接管理,相关权限的依据是国家和地区规范医院和医师行为的法律。第三种规范的形式和政府司法部门紧密相关,它在很大程度上是一种间接性的约束力,涉及病人因医疗事故对医生及其投保的责任保险公司所进行的索赔和诉讼。强调了第三种力量,并突出了在医师和医疗行业圈之外的社会力量对医疗活动的指导作用。     

理想情感及其影响的跨文化差异

理想情感是人们期望获得的情感状态。情感评估理论认为文化对理想情感的塑造有着重要影响,主要的影响途径有文化体验、文化价值观和社会文化变化。理想情感对个体会产生具有文化特异性的影响,主要会影响个体的偏好及选择行为、混合情绪体验、身心健康和社会认知决策。理想情感研究未来发展可以着眼于4个方向:使用纵向视角研究理想情感,进一步探索理想情感的前因变量,打造适合中国文化的心理健康标准和通过认识理想情感来消除文化隔阂。     

Body Dissatisfaction in College Women and Their Mothers: Cohort Effects, Developmental Effects, and the Influences of Body Size, Sexism, and the Thin Body Ideal

A study of body dissatisfaction, as measured by the Figure Rating Scale (Stunkard, Sorenson, & Schlusinger, 1983) and the Body Esteem Scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984), in 75 college women and their mothers indicated that both daughters and mothers experienced body dissatisfaction. When body size was statistically controlled, either no difference was found between the groups or daughters were found to have greater body dissatisfaction than mothers. The results supported the hypotheses that (1) there are generational differences in body dissatisfaction, (2) both cohort and developmental effects contribute to these differences, and (3) that a developmental effect (mothers' greater body size) may obscure a cohort effect (daughters' greater exposure to the thin body ideal). Body dissatisfaction measures based on the mothers' retrospective ratings of how they felt at their daughters' age were consistent with these hypotheses. Relationships between body dissatisfaction and the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire (Heinberg, Thompson, & Stormer, 1995) were stronger and more frequent for daughters than for mothers and for the Internalization Scale than for the Awareness Scale. Relationships between the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 2001) and body dissatisfaction were stronger for mothers than for daughters and for Benevolent Sexism than for Hostile Sexism.     

Relationships between dissatisfaction with specific body characteristics and the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3 and Objectified Body Consciousness Scale

Body dissatisfaction was studied in 123 predominately European-American college women. Desired changes in body characteristics were associated with scores on the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3) and the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS). All SATAQ-3 measures were associated with desired changes in bust size and height, but were not related to desired upper body size. In contrast, the OBCS Surveillance and Body Shame Scales were related to desired upper body size, but were not related to desired bust size or height. As hypothesized, the SATAQ-3 Pressure and Internalization-General Scales and the OBCS Surveillance and Body Shame Scales were related to desired weight and lower body size. Results indicate body dissatisfaction is a complex construct and different aspects of this construct are related to different dispositional measures. Results also indicate that the OBCS is a more narrowly focused measure than the SATAQ-3.