禅宗本体与严羽"以禅喻诗"

严羽《沧浪诗话.诗辨》中提出:"大抵禅道唯在妙悟,诗道亦在妙悟",对于唐宋以来的"以禅喻诗"的诗歌实践进行了理论性的概括和总结,后人对其"以禅喻诗"之旨莫衷一是,但均无中其肯綮,本文从"以禅喻诗"的源头——禅宗本体入手,指出严羽"以禅喻诗"就是通过诗来传达色相俱泯、色即是空的人生感悟。     

天然函昰禅师的悟道因缘及其禅教并重的宗趣观

天然函昰禅师是明末清初岭南曹洞宗的高僧,在他的弘化下,曹洞宗风大振,僧俗奔凑如云。本文从函孟禅师的悟道因缘及其阐教并、重的宗趣观入手,说明他之所以能在明末清初之际摄受数千僧俗,乃是因其具有深彻的悟境和圆满的见地,非人们所谓“以忠孝节义垂示及门”所能范围。     

Positive behavior support and applied behavior analysis

This article reviews the origins and characteristics of the positive behavior support (PBS) movement and examines those features in the context of the field of applied behavior analysis (ABA). We raise a number of concerns about PBS as an approach to delivery of behavioral services and its impact on how ABA is viewed by those in human services. We also consider the features of PBS that have facilitated its broad dissemination and how ABA might benefit from emulating certain practices of the PBS movement.     

禅的自由

主体的立场自由 禅宗语录中所出现的无数的自由,亦可称之为禅的真谛的自由,并不是民主自由所倡导的那种民众平等享受的社会自由,也不是J.-P.萨特所谓的实体中固有的宿命的自由,而是少数禅的精通之人主体的立场自由.     

神会的禅学思想特色——兼论神会对慧能禅学思想的继承和发扬

为了批判神秀北宗的不究竟的禅法,弘扬慧能南宗的顿教禅法,神会引经据典地从佛性本体论、无念无住的修行方法论和顿悟境界论等多方面对慧能南宗禅法做了非常全面而深入的理论上的论证和发挥。神会禅学立知见,注重知解,神会的顿悟说注重于解悟,神会禅学的这种特征是应该结合当时的禅学背景才能恰当地理解的。与后来侧重于从实践上发挥和发扬慧能南宗禅法的禅派不同,侧重于从理论上论证和发挥慧能南宗禅法的神会禅学是有它特定的历史使命和时代特征的,神会禅学是禅宗发展史上一个非常重要的环节。     

Contingency and behavior analysis

The concept of contingency is central to theoretical discussions of learned behavior and in the application of learning research to problems of social significance. This paper reviews three aspects of the contingency concept as it has been developed by behavior analysts. The first is the empirical analysis of contingency through experimental studies of both human and nonhuman behavior. The second is the synthesis of experimental studies in theoretical and conceptual frameworks to yield a more general account of contingency and to integrate the concept with other behavioral processes. The third aspect is one of practical considerations in the application of the contingency concept in both laboratory and applied settings.     

禅宗语言的种类

唐五代禅宗僧侣所使用的语言,不但丰富多彩,而且在当时各个社会阶层所用语言中最具特色.本文在总结近年来禅宗语言研究成果的基础之上,对禅宗语言重新作了分类和界定,希望有助于澄清学术界普遍存在的对于禅宗语言的模糊认识和错乱理解.     

Zen and the Art of Living Mindfully: The Health-Enhancing Potential of Zen Aesthetics

Amidst the burgeoning enthusiasm for mindfulness in the West, there is a concern that the largely secular ‘de-contextualized’ way in which it is being harnessed is denuding it of its potential to improve health and well-being. As such, efforts are underway to ‘re-contextualize’ mindfulness, explicitly drawing on the wider framework of Buddhist ideas and practices in which it was initially developed. This paper aims to contribute to this, doing so by focusing on Zen Buddhism, and in particular on Zen aesthetic principles. The article concentrates on the seven principles identified by Hisamatsu (1971) in his classic text Zen and the Fine Arts: kanso (simplicity); fukinsei (asymmetry); koko (austere sublimity); shizen (naturalness); daisuzoku (freedom from routine); sei-jaku (tranquillity); and yūgen (profound grace). The presence of these principles in works of art is seen as reflecting and communicating insights that are central to Buddhism, such as non-attachment. Moreover, these principles do not only apply to the creation and appreciation of art, but have clear applications for treating health-related issues, and improving quality of life more generally. This paper makes the case that embodying these principles in their lives can help people enhance their psychosomatic well-being, and come to a truer understanding of the essence of mindful living.     

Zen meets New Thought: The Erhard Seminars Training and Changing Ideas About Zen

‘Est’ was a human potential movement founded by Werner Erhard in San Francisco. At the height of the movement in the mid-1970s, thousands of trainees in the United States and Japan participated in gruelling 60-hour seminars intended to shock the participant into a more direct experience of reality. Est and derivative seminars became popular in North American business culture and several corporations have required employees to undergo the training. This article locates the est seminars within the context of an going dialogue between Japan and the West. Erhard combined New Thought with Zen ideas about satori and sesshin. This adaptation intensified a movement, already begun by thinkers such as D. T. Suzuki and Yasutani Hakuun, that presented Zen as a ‘technology’ for achieving a particular experience of reality. Est was then successfully exported back to Japan. Examination of the historical relationship of est and Zen explains many of the most controversial aspects of est. It also reveals an important channel through which ‘Zen’ ideas were disseminated into American culture. Finally, the reciprocal exchange of ideas between Japan and the West raises important questions about such categories as ‘traditional’ Zen and ‘Americanized’ Zen.     

Zen and the Art of Storytelling

This paper explores the contribution of Zen storytelling to moral education. First, an understanding of Zen practice, what it is and how it is achieved, is established. Second, the connection between Zen practice and ethics is shown in terms of the former’s ability to cultivate moral emotions and actions. It is shown that Zen practice works at the roots of consciousness where, according to the fundamental tenets of Buddhism, the possibility of human goodness, known as bodhicitta (awakened heartmind), lies. Third, it is suggested that storytelling is a viable and desirable means of moral education. Two examples of Zen stories are introduced, and interpretive commentaries are offered in the service of illustrating the major points made in this article.     

Bringing Zen Practice Home

Buddhist meditation practice is perceived as non-relational. Yet a serious meditator develops an intimacy with herself that is an asset to being in a healthy relationship. In this essay, using composite profiles of patients, I pursue my interest in relationships and family life as a path to mental health and a home to enlightened experience. The intimacy of a relationship with oneself, with another and within family provides a container that may enable us to let go of our fixed sense of self.     

Unconscious Process: Zen and Psychoanalytic Versions

Attention to unconscious processes forms the nexus of the psychoanalytic endeavor and adds dimension to the theoretical and clinical integration of Buddhism and psychoanalysis. The author traces convergences between Freud's, Matte-Blanco's, and D.T. Suzuki's explication of the psychoanalytic and Zen readings of the unconscious. The Buddhist understanding of the unconscious propensity to reify experience can be integrated with psychoanalytic thinking. An alternative understanding and processing of aggression with supporting clinical material provides a case in point. The author concludes that continued Buddhist practice holds the potential to alter radically existing psychoanalytic models without destroying the efficacy of well-established formulations and accompanying techniques.