从六朝上清经看佛教对道教用语的影响

佛道二教在发展中相互斗争,又彼此融合,相互间的交融渗透在用语上也有所反映;语言是文化的载体,揭示其用语交互影响的事实是研究佛道关系的重要手段和内容.文章以六朝的上清经为考察对象,发掘出一批深受佛教影响的用语,它们无疑是佛道二教的交融渗透的直观体现.     

梁武帝天监三年发菩提心“舍道”真伪考辨

佛教文献记录的梁武帝天监三年发菩提心"舍道"一事,因时间、人物等衔接问题,引发诸多争议。本文从文献记载及流传情况着手,结合分析梁初佛、道二教之争,指出梁武帝天监三年发菩提心"舍道",是佛、道二教斗争的结果。     

道、佛二教思想对中国古代科学影响的思考

作为中华文化价值体系的两座重要基石,道教与佛教的思想对古代中国科学的发展有着深刻的影响。但由于道、佛二教自身特点与状态的不同,中国古代科学在它们中的特征与走向都不尽相同。我们从对道、佛二教的思想对科学影响的对比分析中,能更为深刻的认识和理解宗教与科学的关系。     

佛、道兼融的王畿理学

本文根据王畿文集（《龙溪王先生全集》）的大量材料,从良知说、致知论、修性法等三个方面,对王畿理学的特点作了论述。证明王畿理学具有浓厚的佛、道兼融特色,其融摄佛、道之深度和广度超过其师王守仁和其他许多宋明理学家。其文集可谓宋明理学融合佛、道的代表作。     

峨眉山普贤道场的形成

峨眉山宗教的发展史曲折复杂。最初应是民间儒家祭祀，然后仙道略先，佛教随来，天主教最晚。其中影响最大的是佛、道二教，峨眉山被佛教称为“大光明山”，被道教称为“第七洞天”，故又享有“仙都佛国”之誉。由于受历代帝王“抑道扬佛”、“灭佛崇道”以及儒家的影响，加上自身的变迁，佛道二教在峨眉山兴衰时有变化，     

仁学本体论的建构——北宋诸儒仁论特质阐释

仁是孔子儒学的核心观念,汉唐时期的儒家学者基本上是从情感之爱的层面理解仁。北宋诸儒借鉴佛、道二教超越的思维方式,通过对仁与爱、仁与道德关系的探讨,把仁提升为宇宙、人生的本体,同时又继承儒学传统的一贯之道,强调仁之体与爱之用的统一,并且从体用两个层面肯定仁的差异一体特征,建构起体用一源的仁学本体论,从而与佛、道二教的空无本体论划清了界限。     

论中晚唐佛道教与民间祠祀的合流

佛、道二教与民间祠祀一方面有着激烈的斗争 ,另一方面 ,它们本身在中晚唐也逐步走向世俗化 ,并与民间祠祀在许多方面都有着合流的迹象。首先 ,一些佛、道教神明开始有自己独立的祠庙 ;其次 ,寺观的功能渐与民间神祠混同 ,成为祈祷祭祀之所 ,人们在与佛教神灵打交道时 ,适用的仍是人神互惠的原则。再次 ,在国家祭祀体系中 ,佛、道二教与民间神祠的地位也开始逐步接近。这种变化从唐代开始 ,到北宋时期初步完成。     

三教关系论纲

道儒二教都植根于传统宗教，汉初的“黄老”就是道教的开端，汉武“独尊儒术”是儒教的开端。黄老治国，吸收了儒家的仁义礼智；儒教言天道，在汉以后也吸收了道教的天道自然。佛教在汉代传入中国，先是依附道教，后来独立发展了自己的心性理论。隋唐道教率先向佛教学习，发展了自己的心性论；到宋代，理学吸收了佛道二教的方法和理论，使儒教理论臻于成熟，佛道二教此时不仅礼拜儒教天子，而且在理论上也向儒教学习了。     

佛道交涉背景下的引路菩萨图像研究——以幡为中心

幡是引路菩萨重要的图像学特征。将幡用于丧葬仪式中的引魂幡,本是中土的传统。东晋以来,幡成为佛道二教重要法器,道教灵宝派受佛教大乘思想之影响,将幡用于引度亡魂。唐代起,佛教引路菩萨始将幡用于引魂。因此,引魂幡是佛道交涉之产物。二教虽然使用共同名称的法器,但最终还是指向各自的最高追求——成仙或往生净土。换言之,二教交融的表象之下,双方本质并未改变。     

道佛典籍与《封神演义》"阐教"词语关系考

本文考察了"阐教"一语在有关道教与佛教文献中的使用的例证, 有力说明了<封神演义>之"阐教"一词并非作者凭空杜撰, 而是有很深的道佛背景和渊源的, 而且作出推测:<封神>作者在为道教派别"阐教"构思命名时受到道佛人士"阐扬教义"之语和旧有"阐教"官职的双重启发.这实际上推翻了以前所谓"阐教之称,不见经传"的说法.     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.