CNV测听法及其改进

有人已用伴发负变异测听(CNV-A)来测试听感受阈。本文对17例进行了CNV测试。测试音采用2000、4000H之纯音。结果表明,CNV反应阈与主观阈值之间的差值大约为-10～10dB。用2000Hz测试音,CNV-A与主观听阈的绝对值平均差及平均差分别为5.9±3.9dB和3.3±6.3dB。而用4000Hz测试音时,其CNV-A与主观听阈的绝对值平均差及平均差则分别是5.0±2.9dB和3.5±4.7dB。上述结果与Prevec(1981)报道的基本一致。表明,改进的 CNV-A是临床听力测试的有用方法。     

假言推理的否定词效应

介绍假言推理中的4种否定词效应,以及相关的理论模型。被试在进行假言推理时,对前提或结论所表示的事件加进了否定词, 产生了一系列的心理效应。研究发现,范畴前提含有否定词,被试更难做出正确的推论;如果结论中含有否定词,被试却更容易做出正确的推论。为此,心理模型理论,规则理论,概率模型理论以及我国的学者对该问题都作了研究和阐述。     

整体-局部范式下的负启动效应

在通常的负启动范式基础上 ,以小数字构成的大数字 ,即以同时具有整体特征和局部特征的复合数字为实验材料 ,采用数字命名任务 ,将刺激画面中复合数字的数目和注意指向作为变量进行实验。大学生充任被试。结果发现 ,在单个复合数字条件下对同一客体的非注意指向的特征进行忽略重复 ,注意整体时出现负启动 ,而注意局部时不出现负启动 ;在两个复合数字条件下对启动刺激中充当干扰项的复合数字进行忽略重复 ,则注意整体与注意局部都出现了负启动。该研究表明 ,在不同注意指向时 ,整体 -局部范式下的负启动效应具有知觉组织的层次性 ,并显示出客体内选择和客体间选择对负启动的不同影响。     

THE NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS OF REWARD

The negative side effects of aversive control have been extensively discussed in clinical literature and textbooks. The symmetry between aversive and appetitive control in basic experimental research implies that parallel negative side effects of reward exist. These negative side effects are described and their implications for clinical practice and research are discussed.     

NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS OF NONCONTINGENT REINFORCEMENT

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) has emerged as a treatment package for severe behavior problems. Although concerns about potential side effects (such as incidental reinforcement) have been raised, there have been few reported negative side effects in published studies to date. In this article, we report an NCR treatment evaluation for severe aggression that produced (a) an extinction burst and (b) incidental reinforcement. These side effects were evaluated by examining within-session response patterns and response distributions. As a solution, a brief omission contingency was added to the reinforcement schedule. The omission contingency resulted in decreased aggression rates.     

量词肯定句和否定句的理解

本研究试图探索人们对舍有“所有”、“每一个”、“有一些”等量词的肯定句、否定句和双重否定句的理解。要求成人被试尽快判断呈现在计算机屏幕上的句子和哪一幅图画的内容相符。结果表明,影响反应时的因素为(1)句子的表层结构和它的底层意义的一致程度;(2)句子的意义和从图画中得出的命题的一致程度;(3)句子中使用的量词。结果还表明,否定句的判断时间不一定全都比肯定句的长。     

积极情绪和消极情绪的大脑反应差异研究综述

情绪的产生通常伴随着相应的生理变化。积极情绪和消极情绪在进化过程中具有不同的适应意义,形成了不同的生理反应。该文综述了积极情绪和消极情绪在大脑中的反应差异,归纳了相关的研究结论和存在的争论,并指出寻找敏感情绪指标、脑功能定位、情绪调节等三个方向可能会在未来几年显著的推动情绪研究的进步。     

对选择注意中负启动效应的研究

以数字命名作业为任务对选择注意中的负启动效应作了探讨,发现在强调反应正确性时,有负启动效应产生;若强调反应速度,则表现出正启动效应。干扰项的活动状态是启动效应性质的决定因素。研究结果还验证了扩散抑制及其扇形效应的构想,并支持注意后期选择理论。     

THE GENERALITY OF NEGATIVE AFTEREFFECT FOLLOWING ADAPTATION TO CURVATURE

Twenty-six subjects made judgments of curvature by the method of magnitude estimation. The influence of prior adaptation to a moderate degree of curvature was assessed for test-curvatures greater and less than the adapting curvature and in the same and opposite directions. The median aftereffect was negative in all cases but not statistically significant for the most extreme difference between adapting and test curvatures. It is argued that negative aftereffect for all test-curvatures along the same stimulus-continuum is a necessary condition for postulating that these experimental effects represent a general normalizing tendency in perception.     

ANALYSIS OF FREE-TIME CONTINGENCIES AS POSITIVE VERSUS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Providing a short break contingent on completed work may increase responding through positive reinforcement (e.g., access to preferred activities) or negative reinforcement (e.g., escape from work). In this investigation, three analyses conducted with a boy with profound mental retardation showed that (a) a 20-s break increased responding more than a positive reinforcer (cola) did, and (b) the reinforcing effects of a 20-s break were affected by the availability of positive reinforcers during the break.