也谈谢林早期思想中的“Potenz”概念

Potenz概念是谢林哲学的一个重要概念,无论是在其早期、还是在中后期的思想中。谢林对于它的使用并不是单一的,而是有两层内涵,一是“幂次”、一是“潜能”。这两种用法是有着明显区别的,各自具有不同的论述背景。而在谢林早期思想的论述背景中,谢林主要是在“幂次”这一内涵上来使用Potenz的。     

二十世纪思想史研究中的“创造性转化”

<正>一、林毓生的"创造的转化""创造的转化"这个概念本是美国华裔学者林毓生在1970年代面对"五四"时代激进的文化思潮而提出来的,他本人也曾说明他对应使用的英文为"creative transformation","创造的转化"是对这一英文的翻译。林毓生是研究中国近代思想史的专家,也是一位自由主义者,据他说,"创造的转化"这个概     

马克思上层建筑概念的三种喻义

马克思使用上层建筑这个比喻性概念时灵活多变、赋予它复杂多样的含义。这些含义主要有三种:思想、意识,政治结构、政治制度及政治行为,信用与虚拟资本等。上层建筑概念的含义还曾从喻指思想、观念到喻指政治结构和政治权力变迁,在《德意志意识形态》等著作中喻指思想、意识,在《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》、法文版《资本论》等著作中则赋予"法律的政治的"内涵而舍去了意识的内涵。上层建筑概念中的信用与虚拟资本等含义与前面两种含义没有直接关系,也从未引起过学界的关注和争议。     

生命进化与宇宙意识——柏格森的生命哲学

柏格森的生命哲学是一种"关于生命的哲学",但并非一种"基于生命的哲学"。柏格森区分了生命概念的两种含义,而他在《创造的进化》一书中所讨论的生命主要是生理生命。这样理解的生命,实际上是宇宙的两种运动,物质和意识的互相作用的结果。但值得注意的是,意识概念在一种宇宙论的意义上来加以理解,因为柏格森哲学有一种宇宙论的转向。     

政治哲学

政治哲学是对有关公共目的的信念加以理性上的审查和评价。其主要方法之一是讲清概念。然而,概念的含义经常变化,所以,这是一种永远完不成的工作。政治哲学及这个词汇发源于古希腊人之中。"哲学"一词是由两个希腊单词所组成,其含义是"爱智慧"。至于"     

笛卡尔永恒真理创造学说的内在悖论

笛卡尔在1630年提出了著名的"永恒真理的创造"学说,并坚持终身。这一学说指出,永恒真理,即形而上学、逻辑学、数学等学科的最首要的真理是上帝所创造并保存的,上帝还同时保证永恒真理的不变性。然而笛卡尔却同时认为上帝是无限而不可理解的,并对其所创造的永恒真理持有完全自由与无分别的态度,由此这些真理的不变性又遭到了威胁。本文通过分析这一学说中上帝的创造、永恒真理与世界的关系以及永恒真理的永恒性与不变性的含义而揭示了这一悖论的内在含义。对于这一悖论的理解有助于我们理解笛卡尔哲学中上帝维度的复杂性,并能够反映笛卡尔将传统神学论题转变为现代形而上学的过程中的困难与挑战。     

"大一统"原则规范下的秦汉政治与文化

原义为"崇尚统一"的"大一统"概念,逐渐延伸出"高度统一"的含义,充实了"大一统"的内涵.在追求政治版图统一的核心内涵不变的基础上,秦汉时代的"大一统"概念还包含了学术文化的统一和制度文化的统一等内容.秦汉"大一统"的时代精神,反映在人们虚拟历史现象为现实社会政治文化的"大一统"张目,各类文化创造活动中对"大一统"精神的讴歌与弘扬,使中国的"大一统"理念之源头更加博大精深.     

什么是哲学?——德勒兹对哲学的另一种读法

不同于传统哲学将哲学规定为静观、沉思和沟通,德勒兹认为,哲学就是创造概念。德勒兹的哲学包含三个概念要素:"内在性平面"、"概念性人物"和"概念",它们之间是相互关联的,哲学创造概念既不能脱离"内在性平面",也不能脱离具体的创造者即"概念性人物"而孤立存在。德勒兹的概念创造性哲学是作为生命提升自身的力量而被规定的,即哲学总是关系到生命思想的提升,而这些创造的哲学概念向我们敞开了思想的权力。     

绘画艺术色彩的模糊性特点

绘画艺术对色彩的基本要求是准确,但有的时候也需要模糊.准确与模糊是一对矛盾的统一体.色彩表达的准确性,不等于数学概念上的绝对准确,有时恰恰相反,它要借助模糊思维、模糊概念才能达到表达准确含义的目的.     

中国哲学研究中的“范畴错误”

<正>在现代中国哲学研究中,常见研究者区分一个古代哲学概念的各种含义,如冯友兰在《中国哲学史》中将 "天"这个概念区分为 "物质之天"、"主宰之天"、"运命之天"、"自然之天"和 "义     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.