中、美儿童适应能力的比较研究

本研究的目的是探查在不同文化背景下,中、美两国儿童对学校的适应能力。我们选择北京和芝加哥为两国的代表城市。对北京市11所小学、芝加哥20所小学儿童的课业水平和影响课业成绩的背景因素进行多方面探查。主要结果表明:1,北京儿童数学测验成绩优于芝加哥,但在视觉能力、图表理解、空间关系方面其成绩不佳.2,北京一年级儿童的语文成绩低于芝加哥儿童,五年级趋于一致。所测     

中国和加拿大儿童对持续时间概念的掌握

本文是中国与加拿大两国儿童持续时间概念形成和发展的比较研究,并探讨不同文化背景对儿童掌握概念的影响.研究采用视觉与听觉两种呈现刺激方式。结果表明,在掌握持续时间概念的发展趋势、概念形成的年龄阶段及完成测验时所采用的判断策略方面,两国儿童表现出很大的一致性。但是在对两种呈现刺激方式和反应倾向中有很明显的差异。中国儿童在小学低年级听觉反应水平比视觉略低,到高小与初中阶段二者已趋一致.而加拿大儿童在各年级阶段视觉反应明显占优势。这种差异可能与生活环境有关。     

7—11岁汉族、傣族、景颇族儿童概念形成的比较研究

本实验是对7—11岁昆明汉族、瑞丽汉族、傣族和景颇族共190名儿童所作的概念形成的比较研究。实验结果指出:1.儿童概念形成随年龄增长而不断提高。表现在两个方面:(一)所形成的概念水平提高;(二)概念形成中被试所采取的假设—检验策略水平的提高。2.文化环境对儿童概念形成的影响是明显的。在不同性质的五个项目实验中,所有年龄阶段,昆明儿童成绩均高于瑞丽三种民族儿童,差异在某些项目的某些年龄阶段是显著或者非常显著,在瑞丽地区由于三种民族环境条件也有差异,在五个实验项目中,数列和词义关系两项实验出现了显著性的差异。文章分析了产生差异的原因:(一)学校教育;(二)家庭教育;(三)社会意识等方面。     

中美两国儿童依恋安全性指标的比较研究

本研究目的是比较中国和美国儿童依恋安全性指标在评价中美儿童对教师的依恋行为中出现的差别,并分析可能会造成这些差别的有关因素。被试包括76名中国儿童和45名美国儿童。两国被试的平均年龄均为58个月。测量儿童依恋行为的工具是沃特斯一迪因儿童依恋行为分类卡片。用中国和美国两种儿童依恋安全性指标分别计算出两组师生依恋安全性分数。结果显示,中美两国被试各自的两组师生依恋安全性分数都具有较高的相关(中国被试r=0.96,P<0.001;美国被试r=0.85,P<0.01)。但总体来看,用中国儿童依恋安全性指标计算的依恋安全性分数比用美国儿童依恋安全性指标计算的得分要高。因此,在用中国儿童依恋安全性指标来评价中美儿童对教师的依恋行为时,有把被试评价为安全性较高的倾向。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的视知觉学习*

研究采用知觉学习经典范式中的视觉搜索任务探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的知觉学习过程。研究考察了阅读障碍儿童与正常儿童在简单搜索任务、复杂搜索任务和限制时间的复杂搜索任务上的知觉学习特点。结果发现,阅读障碍儿童在复杂搜索任务中初始搜索时间显著长于正常控制组;在限制时间的复杂搜索任务中更进一步发现阅读障碍儿童的反应正确率显著低于正常控制组儿童;而且两组儿童视觉搜索任务的正确率与汉语阅读的识字量成绩存在显著相关。上述结果表明,汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在复杂搜索的知觉学习缺陷,这种缺陷可能在某种程度上与儿童的阅读技能发展有关。     

我国修订的HR幼儿神经心理成套测验

本研究是关于Reitan-Indiana神经心理成套测验在中国的修订。根据中国的文化背景,对部份测验内容做了修改,并将此测验用于1002名正常儿童和98名脑损伤儿童。受试儿童来自全国15个省市,年龄范围为5—8岁。研究结果反映出不同年龄儿童的各种能力水平。根据统计资料制定了本测验的中国儿童年龄常模。进行了重测信度检验和效度检验,平均重测相关系数为0.61;正常儿童和病儿比较的结果反映出二者间各能力水平的显著差异。     

4—9岁儿童建构相等和相差概念的实验的设计思想

本实验设计是“萌发小学生辨证思维”实验的一部分。作者认为应在动态中研究儿童的心理发展;数学思维能力是一种特殊能力。因此采用横断法,初步测定出4—9岁儿童建构相等和相差概念的一般发展趋势,再从被试中抽取实验班的8岁组作为一个横断面来作对比性测查,以检验实验教材的知识结构对儿童数学思维的促进作用。这种心理学临床测查和小学数学教改实验相结合的方法是科研和教改相结合的初步尝试。     

3—6岁超常与常态儿童感知观察力的比较研究

本实验是全国超常儿童研究协作组为鉴别超常儿童认知能力设计的一套实验之一。目的是探讨3—6岁常态儿童感知观察力在数量和质量两方面的水平与特点,为鉴别超常儿童的感知观察力取得参照指标。 实验是根据观察过程的特点进行设计的。实验的结果,经检验效度与信度较高,因此本实验对3—6岁儿童感知观察力的测量是有鉴别力的。 通过实验发现在3—6岁常态儿童之间观察能力的发展是不平衡的,3岁与4岁之间发展得快,在数量与质量两方面都比其它年龄阶段之间发展得幅度大。 通过超常儿童与常态儿童的比较研究,发现4岁超常儿童与常态儿童之间,在质量方面的差异比数量方面的差异更为显著。这一结果,对今后超常儿童研究工作的重点具有参考的价值。     

儿童的同伴关系和后期适应问题

低接纳儿童(low—accepted children)易在后期适应中出现问题,换句话说,儿童期的同伴关系障碍(peer—relationship disturbes)能够预测后期的适应问题。这个假设多次出现在有关儿童社会性发展的文献中。本文将用已有的研究结果检验预测源:接纳性、攻击行为、羞怯/退缩行为和被预测者;即退学、犯罪、精神病之间的关系,以此说明假设是否得到证实。     

海南岛黎汉儿童视知觉-运动协调发展及其与认知发展关系的跨文化研究

一、目的儿童知觉—运动协调发展的问题是儿童心理学中具有重要理论意义的问题之一。皮亚杰的认知发展理论特别重视知觉和运动在儿童认知发展中的作用。皮亚杰认为儿童通过感知—运动的协调活动所逐渐建构起来的最初的感知—运动水平的认知结构,是儿童日后认知发展的基础。皮亚杰肯定了感知觉—运动协调活动在儿童最初的心理发展阶段即感知—运动阶     

THE SON MORE VISIBLE: IMMATERIALISM AND THE INCARNATION

In this article we argue that an immaterialist ontology—a metaphysic that denies the existence of material substance—is more consonant with Christian dogma than any ontology that includes the existence of material substance. We use the philosophy of the famous eighteenth-century Irish immaterialist George Berkeley as a guide while engaging one particularly difficult Christian mystery: the doctrine of the Incarnation of Christ. The goal is to make plausible the claim that, from the analysis of this one example, there are strong reasons for thinking that if one wants to be a Christian one ought to be an immaterialist.     

WHO CARES? THE EFFECT OF GENDER AND CONTEXT ON THE SELF AND MORAL REASONING

Theorists suggest that gender differences in moral reasoning are due to differences in the self-concept, with women feeling connected to others and using a care approach, whereas men feel separate from others and adopt a justice approach. Using a self-categorization analysis, the current research suggests that the nature of the self–other relationship, rather than gender, predicts moral reasoning. Study 1 found moral reasoning to be dependent upon the social distance between the self and others, with a care-based approach more likely when interacting with a friend than a stranger. Study 2 suggests that when individuals see others as ingroup members they are more likely to utilize care-based moral reasoning than when others are seen as outgroup members. Further, traditional gender differences in moral reasoning were found only when gender was made salient. These studies suggest that both the self and moral reasoning are better conceptualized as fluid and context dependent.     

心理学与经济、科学技术发展的关系

该文通过对我国２９个省、市、自治区及４５个国家和地区情况统计材料的分析研究,探讨了心理学与经济、科学技术发展的关系。结果表明,经济和科学技术发展水平较高的国家和地区,其心理学发展水平也相对较高;心理学家数目的增长依赖于经济和社会需求;心理学发展晚于经济发展并服从于Ｓ形模型;对于经济实力尚不够强大的国家,提供更多的机会培训心理学家是十分重要的;应重视和加速我国心理学的发展,以适应经济发展的需要。     

THE RELATION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND THEOLOGY: THE CASE FOR COMPLEMENTARITY REVISITED

Abstract. Donald MacKay has suggested that the logical concept of complementarity is needed to relate scientific and theological thinking. According to Ian Barbour, this concept should only be used within, not between, disciplines. This article therefore attempts to clarify that contrast from the standpoint of cognitive process. Thinking in terms of complementarity is explicated within a structuralist-genetic, interactive-constructivist, developmental theory of the neo- and post-Piagetian kind, and its role in religious development is indicated. Adolescents'complementary views on Creation and on the corresponding scientific accounts serve as an illustration. After further analysis of parallel and circular complementarity, it is shown under which conditions complementarity of science and theology can be better justified and may be potentially more fruitful than is apparent from Barbour's or even MacKay's considerations.     

THE IMPACT OF THE FEMINIST CRITIQUE ON TESTS, ASSESSMENT, AND ETHODOLOGY

In this article we discuss the implications of the feminist critique for methodologies related to tests and assessment. Several specific examples of the impact (or lack of impact) of feminist thinking on psychological, vocational, and educational tests are provided. From the point of view of a feminist critique, while the revision of the Strong–Campbell Interest Inventory appears to be a success, the 1990 revision of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI–2) is not. Feminists have inspired methodological improvements such as the use of meta–analysis to evaluate sex difference data and the ability to estimate sampling error to challenge the research on free-response and multiple-choice tests. Recognition of the need to involve women in the development of normative data, introduction of sensitivity reviews, and implementation of differential item functioning analyses have improved tests. However, although testing has improved from the feminist perspective, additional changes can be expected as feminists (female and male) become more involved as scholars and scientists.     

THE EFFECT OF THE ANALYST'S GENDER AND OTHER FACTORS ONPOST-TERMNATION PATIENT-ANALYST CONTACT: CONFIRMATIONBY A QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY

This questionnaire study was designed to confirm and further explore an earlier finding of a gender difference in post-termination patient-analyst contact, as well as to assess whether practices regarding post-termination contact have changed in the five-year interval since the first study. The hypothesis that women analysts are more likely to have post-termination contact with their analysands than men analysts was confirmed by the present study. Analysts who report thinking frequently about their most significant analyst are contacted by a much larger proportion of prior patients than those who rarely think about their analyst. Further, women analysts are more likely to feel they benefited from the analysis they consider their most significant analysis, and to feel positively about that analyst. In 1994, analysts were much more accepting of and more likely to propose post-termination contact than in 1989. What the analyst reports he/she says to the patient is associated with the likelihood of such contact.     

HEIDEGGER AND THE APPROPRIATION OF METAPHYSICS

Heidegger's deconstruction of the history of Western metaphysics has been a major influence behind poststructural critiques of modernity as well as more apologetic attempts to maintain a dialogue with historical sources, such as Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics. This bifurcation has intensified the ambiguity of Heidegger's project: was it an attempt to relinquish philosophical ties to the past or a call for a fundamental reinterpretation of them? In this article I argue the latter, focusing my analysis on Heidegger's notions of appropriation and historicity. On the one hand, appropriation is the hermeneutical event by which ontology is reinfused into a reading of historical sources. On the other hand, historicity is the self‐reflexive historical involvement by which we become aware of what contemporary, philosophical conditions necessitate this reengagement. In the end, Heidegger's critique of metaphysics arises from this self‐reflexivity. It deconstructs the prevailing misunderstandings of philosophical sources in order to allow for reinterpretation at a revivified ontological level constantly in view of the question of being.     

THE EPIC OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE MYSTERY OF SMALL WORKING MEMORY

Abstract. A partial analogy exists between the lifespan neuropsychological development of individuals and the biological evolution of species: In both of these major categories of growth, progressive emergence of wholes transcends inherently limited part‐processes. The remarkably small purview of each moment of consciousness experienced by an individual may be a crucial aspect of maintaining organization in that individual's cognitive development, protecting it from combinatorial chaos. In this essay I summarize experimental psychology research showing that working memory capacity comprises the so‐called magical number 7±2 items, not only for words and digits but for spatial items and other sorts of cognitive materials, and not only in humans but also in other species. This is so to such an extent that 7±2 may be a “constant of nature.” The small quantity range 7±2 independent items, which builds upon a more elementary, instantaneous working memory capacity of three or four items, is surprisingly independent of the time duration of a cognitive task. Moreover, it is largely independent of ontogeny. Explanations of these powerful facts about working memory are offered here within both a functionalistic framework and a framework of hypothetical neural processes. At the neural level, working memory dynamics may comprise certain brain wave harmonics or topological relationships in the sheetlike cortex. Within the functionalistic framework, I suggest an additional analogy, pertaining to cultural evolution, with Tom Gilbert's work on risk analysis and “the global problematic” that follows from unforeseen consequences of the expansiveness of human ambition. Several connections are drawn with ideas presented by participants in the Chicago Religion and Science Group about how theologies and sciences try to understand the possibility of adaptive exercises of human freedom in the face of the extreme finiteness of each human individual.     

OLDER WOMEN AND THE PRACTICE OF BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION

Breast self-examination (BSE) for breast cancer is used by only a fraction of the women who might benefit from it, and some studies show that older women who are more at risk for breast cancer are less likely to use it. This article reports a community study of women ( n = 528) who were trained in BSE in women's group meetings, provided a behavioral management intervention, and followed for two years. The intervention consisted of monthly postcard cues for BSE and lottery ticket rewards whenever a BSE record was returned indicating a BSE had been done. During the second year, the intervention was withdrawn. Results show that although women over 50 are no more likely to report having done more BSEs than women under 50 prior to entering the study, they did tend to do more BSEs during the intervention year and were significantly more compliant during the follow-up year. A more detailed analysis by age decade showed the highest rates of compliance in both years were for women ages 60–69 and 70–87. An analysis of attitudinal, history, and sociodemographic factors indicated that the only consistent predictor of BSE practice other than age and the intervention was the woman's confidence in BSE.     

GOD INCARNATE AND THE DEFEAT OF EVIL

In this essay, I assess Marilyn McCord Adams's important and provocative incarnation-centered approach to the problem of evil. In particular, I examine the central theological components of her approach: her novel but also problematic conceptions of creation, sin, redemption, grace, and eschatological consummation. My further goal is to use my critical analysis of Adams's approach in order to begin to articulate and defend an alternative incarnation-centered approach, based on a more classically orthodox conception of divine defeat of evil, which is both immune to the criticisms I raise against Adams's approach and possesses a higher degree of explanatory power.