幼儿心理理论与情绪理解发展及关系的研究

本研究采用横断设计,以北京市某幼儿园大、中、小班共98名幼儿为被试,通过对其心理理论、情绪理解及语言能力的测试,考察幼儿心理理论和情绪理解的发展状况以及二者之间的关系。研究结果表明：(1)幼儿的心理理论和情绪理解在3～5岁期间发生了巨大的变化,在5岁的时候大多数的幼儿已经基本上具备了心理理论和情绪理解的能力,4岁是幼儿心理理论和情绪理解能力发展的关键年龄;(2)幼儿的心理理论和情绪理解的相关显著,即使在控制了语言和年龄的影响后,心理理论能力仍然和情绪理解能力在总体上相关显著;(3)在排除了语言和年龄的影响后,对他人错误信念的理解能力和情绪观点采择能力的相关也仍然显著。     

儿童社会观点采择与分享行为关系的研究

本研究选取幼儿园大班、小学一、二、三年级共240名被试,每个年级各60名,男女各半,考察儿童的社会观点采择能力与分享行为的关系。结果发现:(1)社会观点采择的发展对儿童的分享行为有影响,其中主要是认知观点采择对实际分享行为的影响;(2)儿童分享行为的发展有阶段性;(3)儿童认知观点采择和情感观点采择的发展在幼儿园大班,二者之间存在较显著的差异,到了一、二、三年级二者之间无显著差异。     

视觉观点采择的发生发展及其影响因素

通过总结视觉观点采择的概念和研究范式,概括发展心理学和比较心理学中视觉观点采择演化发生和个体发展的已有研究,分析视觉观点采择与心理理论的关系及语言和文化等影响因素,指出将来的研究需要归纳测验不同水平视觉观点采择的一系列研究范式,系统考察不同物种间视觉观点采择的演化发生过程,还可将不同水平的实验范式与脑成像研究相结合来考察视觉观点采择的脑神经机制,并关注影响视觉观点采择发展的因素.     

观点采择在内隐情绪加工中的调节作用

观点采择对人们加工情绪具有明显的影响。已有研究发现人们对负性情绪信息存在加工偏向, 且观点采择对外显情绪的加工具有调节作用。但观点采择如何影响内隐情绪的加工尚不清楚。为了考察观点采择对内隐情绪加工的影响, 当前研究要求被试分别通过自我视角和他人视角完成情绪图片(中性图片和负性图片)的形状辨别任务, 同时记录其脑电活动。成分分析的结果显示, 与他人视角条件相比, 自我视角条件下加工负性信息引发了更大的额部及中央的N200 (180~220 ms)和顶区的LPC (267~567 ms)波幅。相位锁定的时频分析结果显示, 刺激呈现后0 ms 至300 ms时间窗口内, 在自我视角条件下, 负性信息的加工引发了显著增大的theta (4~8 Hz)节律的能量活动。成分分析和时频分析的结果均表明, 自我视角条件对负性信息加工具有启动效应, 他人视角条件则抑制了对负性信息的加工, 说明观点采择对内隐情绪加工具有调节作用, 反映了人不仅能够区分环境中潜在的危险信息, 而且能通过观点采择区分自我与他人。     

儿童社会观点采择的发展及其子类型间的差异的研究

对幼儿园大班至小学阶段的４２５名儿童施以认知和情感两类观点采择测验,考察儿童社会观点采择发展的一般趋势以及两类观点采择的发展趋势及水平上的差异。结果发现：６岁左右儿童在准确推断他人观点方面还存在较大困难。６—１０岁左右是儿童社会观点采择能力快速发展的时期。１０岁左右儿童已能根据环境信息较准确推断他人的观点：儿童认知观点采择与情感观点采择能力的发展趋势基本一致,但后者的发展水平极显著地落后于前者。     

道德动机动态系统理论：一种道德发展的新科尔伯格取向

在科尔伯格道德认知发展阶段理论、动态系统理论和自我决定理论基础上,Kaplan提出了道德动机的动态系统理论,把道德动机界定为认知和情绪成分自我组织和自我调节的动态发展过程。该理论有其特定的提出背景、基本观点和主要内容,并且具有一定的实证证据支持。未来研究应着力解决道德认知与情绪的关系、环境因素的影响、横断研究与纵向研究的结合以及研究工具的完善等问题。     

幼儿对不同情境中的情绪认知及其归因

考察了90名3~5岁幼儿对4种与情绪关联程度不同的日常情境中,具有积极或是消极行为表现的故事主人公的情绪理解。结果表明：（1）绝大多数幼儿都能理解各情境中具有积极行为的主人公觉得高兴。（2）幼儿对相应的消极情绪认知要相对差一些,并在3~4岁之间获得了较显著的发展进而达到基本能全数理解的水平;尤其是在低关联情境中,幼儿对消极情绪的认知更差一些,且显著低于对高关联情境中的消极情绪认知。（3）60%左右的3岁幼儿能认识到同样情境中具有不同行为表现的个体具有不同的情绪体验,到4、5岁时,幼儿的这一情感观点采择能力获得较大发展并达到成熟水平。（4）幼儿的情绪归因与情绪的性质以及具体的情境有关     

惯用语理解的多种心理机制

惯用语是比喻性表达的一种。对惯用语句法分析导致其字面意义的通达,对惯用语语义分析导致其比喻意义的通达,两种加工存在矛盾。针对这种矛盾,研究者提出惯用语理解的非建构观点、建构观点和关联理论假说。非建构观点认为对惯用语的理解是比喻意义的直接提取;建构观点认为对惯用语的理解词素发挥重要作用;关联理论假说认为对惯用语的理解是寻求词素和整词最大程度的语义关联,以及语用过程中信息交流的最优功效。大量研究表明,不能简单的将惯用语加工的心理机制纳入统一模型内,惯用语加工受到材料和语用等诸多因素的影响,惯用语理解遵循多种心理加工机制。     

情绪系统的自组织研究

文章综述了情绪系统自组织研究的最新进展。自组织理论在心理系统主要强调4个特点,即重复性、突现、固化以及不同时间维度上的相互依存性。目前情绪系统的研究已经开始关注动态的、非线性的研究方法,如在认知-情绪关系,情绪理论建构和父母-儿童之间的关系,以及情绪发展心理学等方面都已经开始运用自组织理论的观点来指导其研究。     

婚姻冲突与儿童问题行为关系研究的理论进展

大量研究指出婚姻冲突与儿童问题行为紧密相关,但在二者关系的解释上有不同观点。其中代表性的理论有社会学习理论、间接作用观点、认知-背景理论和情绪安全假设等。文中详细介绍了4个理论的基本观点并分析了其优缺点。综合这些理论,作者在理解婚姻冲突和儿童问题行为时应该坚持如下3个观点:第一,系统和生态的观点;第二,主客体相互作用的观点;第三,情感和认知并重的观点。     

环境心理学方法论研究

该文考察了环境心理学方法论的缘起、特征及研究方案。文中指出,环境心理学坚持整体的、互动的、系统的跨学科观点,坚持问题中心论的科学本质观,力陈交互作用的解释框架和注重现实生活情景的自然田野研究范式,遵循从个体到组织及社会的多层次分析的研究路线,从多方面实现了对传统心理学方法论的批判与超越;它先后发展出互动论、有机论、交互论三种研究方案,促进了科学心理学的自我完善。     

A cognitive architecture for modeling emotion dynamics: Intensity estimation from physiological signals

Current approaches to emotion recognition do not address the fact that emotions are dynamic processes. This work concerns itself with the development of a cognitive architecture for modeling the dynamics of emotions with specific focus on a gray-box model for dynamic emotion intensity estimation that can incorporate findings from appraisal models, specifically Scherer’s Component Process Model. It is based on Dynamic Field Theory which allows the combination of theoretical knowledge with data-driven experimental approaches. A user study is conducted applying the proposed model to estimate intensity of negative emotions from physiological signals. Results show significant improvements of the proposed model to common methodology and baselines. The flexible cognitive architecture opens a wide field of experiments and directions to deepen the understanding of emotion processes as a whole.     

Knowing when to seek anger: Psychological health and context-sensitive emotional preferences

According to hedonic approaches to psychological health, healthy individuals should pursue pleasant and avoid unpleasant emotions. According to instrumental approaches, however, healthy individuals should pursue useful and avoid harmful emotions, whether pleasant or unpleasant. We sought to reconcile these approaches by distinguishing between preferences for emotions that are aggregated across contexts and preferences for emotions within specific contexts. Across five days, we assessed daily confrontational and collaborative demands and daily preferences for anger and happiness. Somewhat consistent with hedonic approaches, when averaging across contexts, psychologically healthier individuals wanted to feel less anger, but not more happiness. Somewhat consistent with instrumental approaches, when examined within contexts, psychologically healthier individuals wanted to feel angrier in more confrontational contexts, and some wanted to feel happier in more collaborative contexts. Thus, although healthier individuals are motivated to avoid unpleasant emotions over time, they are more motivated to experience them when they are potentially useful.     

性别发展的生物学取向研究述评

当前解释性别发展的理论主要有三种取向：生物学取向、社会化取向、认知取向。近年来,生物学取向日益受到关注并得到认可和接受。解释性别发展的生物学取向研究主要分为两种视角,即进化心理学和进化发展心理学、跨物种比较等远端进化解释,以及行为遗传学研究、染色体异常研究、荷尔蒙研究、大脑结构和功能研究等近端解释。本文总结阐述了这些生物学因素对性别发展的具体影响,并指出了进化心理学研究、行为遗传学研究、荷尔蒙研究、大脑结构和功能的脑成像研究在研究内容、研究方法与技术方面存在的问题,并据此展望未来研究的前景。     

论我国社会经济与道德的协调发展

经济与道德的协调发展 ,对于我国社会发展来说 ,不仅在于它是我国社会发展历史经验的忠告 ;更在于它是我国社会发展的内在根据、现实要求和基本规律 ;还必须选择现实的实现途径 ,一是作出制度安排和政策选择 ,二是作为有机统一的实践过程 ,三是变成每个社会成员的精神、心理和行动。     

儿童执行功能与早期学业能力的关系:学习品质的中介作用

以上海市6所幼儿园245名3~6岁儿童为研究对象,分别采用头–脚–膝盖–肩膀(HTKS)任务、修订后的儿童行为评定量表(CBRS)及亚太学前儿童发展量表中的语言和前阅读分量表以及认知分量表考察执行功能、学习品质及早期语言和数学学业发展状况。结果表明:(1)执行功能对学习品质、早期语言能力和数学能力均有显著正向预测作用;(2)学习品质在执行功能和早期数学能力关系中起部分中介作用,但对执行功能和早期语言能力的关系无中介作用。     

Basic Emotions, Natural Kinds, Emotion Schemas, and a New Paradigm

ABSTRACT— Research on emotion flourishes in many disciplines and specialties, yet experts cannot agree on its definition. Theorists and researchers use the term emotion in ways that imply different processes and meanings. Debate continues about the nature of emotions, their functions, their relations to broad affective dimensions, the processes that activate them, and their role in our daily activities and pursuits. I will address these issues here, specifically in terms of basic emotions as natural kinds, the nature of emotion schemas, the development of emotion–cognition relations that lead to emotion schemas, and discrete emotions in relation to affective dimensions. Finally, I propose a new paradigm that assumes continual emotion as a factor in organizing consciousness and as an influence on mind and behavior. The evidence reviewed suggests that a theory that builds on concepts of both basic emotions and emotion schemas provides a viable research tool and is compatible with more holistic or dimensional approaches.     

Group-based emotions as determinants of ingroup identification

Events affecting an ingroup with which one identifies trigger group-based emotions. Thus, identification with a group seems to be a crucial determinant of group-based emotions. However, some theories (e.g., Russell, 2003) suggest bi-directional causal links between components of emotions. The current research examines whether group-based emotions may also influence ingroup identification. In a study, type of emotion (happiness vs. anger) and object of emotion (ingroup vs. outgroup) were manipulated. The results show an interaction effect of type of emotion and object of emotion on change in ingroup identification. Identification increases with happiness towards the ingroup or anger towards the outgroup, whereas identification decreases with anger toward the ingroup and happiness toward the outgroup. Moreover, the intensity of emotions determines the degree of change in identification. The implications for approaches of group-based emotions are discussed.     

The structure of emotion: An empirical comparison of six models

There are a number of conflicting approaches to the problem of the relationship between different emotions. One category of models focuses on the valence of emotional experience and typically reports evidence for dimensional approaches to emotion. A second category of models argues for the possibility of discrete basic emotions, but typically focuses on evidence from emotion systems other than conscious experience. In the present study, a list of emotion terms was drawn up that were derived conceptually from a set of basic emotions. A group of participants filled out a questionnaire that asked how much in general they experienced each of the emotions. A structural equation modelling approach was then used with the resultant dataset, an approach that permitted the comparison of six different models that ranged from the positive-negative affect models to models of discrete basic emotions. The analyses gave support for a set of five basic emotions but only when these were allowed to correlate with each other. Implications for theories of emotion are considered.     

Do university students’ thinking styles matter in their preferred teaching approaches?

This study pioneered the research on the role of university students’ thinking styles in their preferred teaching approaches. Three hundred and forty-eight (111 male and 237 female) students from a large comprehensive university in Beijing, P.R. China, responded to the Thinking Styles Inventory (Revised) and the Preferred Teaching Approach Inventory. Results indicated that regardless of age, gender, university class level, and academic discipline, students with different thinking styles had significantly different preferences for particular teaching approaches. It was contended that both conceptual change and information transmission are necessary for effective teaching. Theoretically, the study contributed to the styles literature in general and to the literature on the relationships between styles and approaches of teaching and learning in particular. Practical implications of the present findings are discussed in the context of students’ teaching evaluations, teachers’ teaching, and university administrators’ personnel management.