共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 109 毫秒
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问题解决能力是指在没有明显解决方法的情况下个体从事认知加工以理解和解决问题情境的能力。对问题解决能力的测量需要借助相对更复杂、更真实、具有可交互性的问题情境来诱导问题解决行为的呈现。使用虚拟测评抓取问题解决的过程数据并分析其中所蕴含的潜在信息是当前心理计量学中测量问题解决能力的新趋势。首先, 回顾问题解决能力测量方式的发展:从纸笔测验到虚拟测评。然后, 总结对比两类过程数据的分析方法:统计建模法和数据挖掘法。最后, 从非认知因素的影响、多模态数据的利用、问题解决能力发展的测量、其他高阶思维能力的测量和问题解决能力概念及结构的界定五个方面展望未来可能的研究方向。 相似文献
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以认知风格为依据,将合作学习小组分为场依存同质组、场独立同质组以及异质组。通过小组对开放问题以及逻辑问题的解决,考察不同认知风格个体、不同类型小组的问题解决过程。同时考察问题解决过程对问题解决水平的影响。结果表明:(1)个体在解决不同类型问题时的过程体验不同。(2)问题解决过程在个体的认知风格和逻辑问题解决水平之间起调节作用。(3)不同类型小组的问题解决过程不同。(4)合作是影响小组合作学习效果的重要因素之一。 相似文献
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问题解决与成人思维 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了探讨成人期认知发展以及成人期和老龄化过程中日常认知功能的变化,通过研究成人解决日常问题从而检验其认知加工过程的变化,已成为一种重要的途径和手段.传统的问题解决研究把成人期看作是个体思维的衰退期,而近来关于成人期日常问题的研究表明。成人期个体出现了一种新质的思维──辩证思维。与此相适应,成人在解决日常问题时,使用认知、元认知和认识论认知来共同监控问题解决的认知进程。特别是认识论认知在其中扮演着重要角色.与儿童、青少年期相比,成人期面临的认知任务在性质上发生了根本的变化。要解决这类任务,必须将情感和认知高度整合起来,运用辩证思维去解决。 相似文献
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学习不良儿童的元认知研究 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9
元认知指有关认知过程的知识和对认知过程的调节。在学习不良领域,元认知理论无论在对学生内部加工问题的理解上还是在开发帮助学生获得学业成功的教学方法实践中,都具有重要意义。本文在回顾了这一领域的研究之后,指出一些基本问题仍未得到解决,未来的研究应围绕这些问题的解决展开,进一步揭示学习不良儿童元认知机制,整合认知、动机和情感因素,致力于将学习不良学生培养成自我调节的学习者。 相似文献
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问题解决的实验性研究──解代数应用题的认知结构 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
1前言问题解决的研究随着认知心理学的发展有了许多理论和实践上的突破,产生了许多理论和方法。其实,问题解决只是针对特定个体而言,即个体良好的认知结构对成功的问题解决至关重要。本研究以认知理论为指导,探讨如何在课堂教学中促使学生形成某领域的良好认知结构,提高问题解决的效率。2研究方法2.1被试本研究是以北京市大峪中学初一学生为被试,采用近似等组的准实验设计(包括被试和主讲教师两方面),实验班为47人,控制班为51人。2.2实验材料及实验程序本研究以解代数应用题为实验材料,实验班来用本研究所提出的解代数应用题的… 相似文献
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认知能力的毕生发展及其分离性和个体差异性研究 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:14
研究认知能力毕生发展过程及其分离性和个体差异性的变化。被试 1 993名 (1 0 - 90岁 ) ,完成加工速度、工作记忆、心算、空间表象和记忆再认等认知测验。结果表明 :1 )认知能力发展的发展在 1 6 - 1 9岁组达到高峰 ,2 0岁后随增龄而逐渐下降 ,不同认知能力发展的分离性在 60岁后明显增大 ;2 )几乎所有测验的个体差异性在 2 0岁之前随增龄而减小 ,在 2 0岁之后随增龄而增大 ;3)教育因素对认知能力老化过程的分离性和个体差异性有明显影响。 相似文献
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工作记忆缺陷会影响个体数学能力发展。通过记忆策略、广度、刷新、转换等功能的工作记忆训练,可以改善个体认知功能。然而,工作记忆训练对个体的阅读、数学、流体智力等方面的远迁移效果并不一致。研究表明,工作记忆训练可以改善数感、视觉空间能力、推理能力等数学一般技能;也会通过改善语音工作记忆以及空间能力促进数学计算能力,或者通过改善中央执行系统,提升数学问题表征、模式识别、解题迁移、策略选择等复杂的过程,从而促进数学问题解决能力。因此,区分不同数学任务的认知过程,可以获得工作记忆训练对数学能力迁移效果的进一步证据。今后,神经影像学的证据或许也是未来工作记忆训练对数学能力提高的又一佐证。 相似文献
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过去人们基于语言复杂性探讨加减文字题的难度成因,本研究将探讨情境复杂性对问题难度的影响。被试为北京市一城区小学二年级共108名学生(男52,女56),平均年龄8岁4个月。采用2(问题类型:“给”问题和“拿”问题)×2(事件类型:增多事件和减少事件)混合设计。对于“给”问题,增多题中各语句的主语不一致,减少题中一致,对于“拿”问题则相反。根据语言复杂性解释,因为各语句的主语一致有利于加工,“给”问题有减少题加工优势,“拿”问题有增多题加工优势;根据情境复杂性解释,因为减少情境有利于加工,两类问题均有减少题加工优势。实验表明不论“给”问题还是“拿”问题,均有减少题的加工优势,支持情境复杂性解释 相似文献
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The development of concern for others and externalizing problems were examined in young children with normative, subclinical, or clinical levels of behavior problems. There were no group differences in observable concern for others at 4-5 years of age. Children with clinical behavior problems decreased significantly in their concern by 6-7 years of age and were reported to have less concern at 6-7 years by mothers, teachers, and the children themselves, relative to other groups. Boys with clinical problems were more callous to others' distress at both time points. Girls showed more concern than boys across risk, time, and measures. Greater concern at 4-5 years predicted decreases in the stability and severity of externalizing problems by 6-7 years, and greater concern at 6-7 years predicted decreases in the stability of problems by 9-10 years. Finally, maternal socialization approaches predicted later concerned responding. 相似文献
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Philosophical Studies - The question of what distinguishes moral problems from other problems is important to the study of the evolution and functioning of morality. Many researchers concerned with... 相似文献
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Lopez-Wagner MC Hoffman CD Sweeney DP Hodge D Gilliam JE 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2008,169(3):245-259
Few researchers have investigated the relation of children's sleep problems to their parents' sleep problems. Children with autism have been reported to evidence greater sleep problems than do typically developing children (C. D. Hoffman, D. P. Sweeney, J. E. Gilliam, & M. C. Lopez-Wagner, 2006; P. G. William, L. L. Sears, & A. Allard, 2004). In the present study, parents (N = 106) of children independently diagnosed with autism (4-16 years of age; M= 8.20 years, SD = 2.69 years) reported greater sleep problems for themselves than did parents (N = 168) of typically developing children (4-15 years of age; M = 8.62 years, SD = 3.28 years). Children's sleep problems were related to parents' sleep problems for both groups; in the autism group, children's level of symptomatology was not related to their parents' sleep. The authors suggest areas for further research on the sleep problems of children and their parents, the potential interaction of these problems with children's symptomatic behavior, and the relations of these factors to child, parent, and family functioning. 相似文献
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The present study examined the effectiveness of self-help (SH) interventions for individuals with anxiety problems. Thirty-three studies, targeting a variety of anxiety disorders and problems, met criteria for inclusion with 1,582 clinical and subclinical participants. Self-help formats included books, audio/videotapes, and computer/Internet-based programs. The average effect sizes (Cohen's ds) comparing SH interventions to control groups for target symptoms were .62 at posttreatment and .51 at follow-up. When compared to therapist-directed interventions (TDIs), the average effect sizes (Cohen's ds) for target problems were -.42 at posttreatment and -.36 at follow-up. Format of SH materials, type of target disorder, presence of minimal therapist contact, and other study parameters were examined for their effect on treatment outcome. The results were discussed from the perspective of a stepped-care approach for anxiety problems. 相似文献
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Daniel M. Bagner Gabriela M. Rodríguez Clair A. Blake Jose Rosa-Olivares 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2013,20(3):334-348
The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and initial outcome of a home-based adaptation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for at-risk infants with externalizing behavior problems. Seven 12- to 15-month-old infants and their families were recruited at a large pediatric primary care clinic to participate in a home-based parenting intervention to prevent subsequent externalizing behavior problems. Home-based assessments were conducted at baseline, postintervention, and a 4- to 6-month follow-up. Six of the 7 (86%) families completed the intervention, and all completers reported high satisfaction with the intervention. All of the mothers demonstrated significant improvements and statistically reliable changes in their interactions with their infant, and most reported clinically significant and statistically reliable changes in infant behavior problems. The current study provides preliminary support for the use of this brief, home-based parenting intervention in addressing behavior problems as early as possible to improve access to an intervention for at-risk infants and their families. Successes and challenges with the development and implementation of this intervention are discussed along with directions for future research and clinical practice. 相似文献
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Suzanne V Borys Herman H Spitz Barbara A Dorans 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1982,33(1):87-110
Three experiments were conducted with the Tower of Hanoi task to assess problem solving ability in 6-, 7-, 8-, and 10-year-old nonretarded children and mentally retarded young adults of varying maturational ages. In Experiment 1 we gradually reduced the number of moves required for solution until subjects could solve the 3-disk tower-ending problem. Although all groups experienced difficulty with the standard 7-move problem, all but the trainable retarded group readily solved the 6-move problem. The trainable group did not reach a comparable level of success until the 4-move problem. On the 7-move problem the retarded groups performed at the level of nonretarded groups that were maturationally to 3 years younger. An analysis of first moves indicated that subject groups differed in the strategies they used to solve the problems. In Experiment 2, practice effects were ruled out as a source of the superior performance on the 6- than on the 7-move problem. In Experiment 3, 7- and 10-year-old nonretarded children and mentally retarded young adults did not differ on 5-move problems in which configuration of the goal states was varied. A comparison of all 5-move problems judged to have the same depth of search requirements indicated that the tower-ending problems were significantly easier to solve than the partial-tower-ending problems, which in turn were easier than the flat-ending problems. A limited depth of search capacity sets boundaries on the use of sophisticated strategies and, to a large extent, accounts for the retarded groups' maturational lag. 相似文献
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This study analyzed the genetic and environmental influences on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and the nature of their cooccurrence in a national Norwegian twin sample. The sample comprised 526 identical and 389 fraternal same-sexed twin pairs from five birth cohorts, aged 5-6, 8-9, 12-13, 13-14, and 14-15 years. Behavior problems were assessed by parental ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist. A model of additive genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental influences was fitted to both internalizing and externalizing behavior in four sex and age groups. The considerable covariance,r = .51 to .58, between these traits is accounted for mainly by common environmental components; this effect was most marked in the 5 to 9-year olds. Concordance rates for children scoring above 1 standard deviation from the total sample mean on the internalizing scale only, externalizing scale only, or both indicated stronger genetic influences for internalizing or externalizing problems only than for combined problems. 相似文献