Statistical concepts in philosophy of science

This article focuses on the role of statistical concepts in both experiment and theory in various scientific disciplines, especially physics, including astronomy, and psychology. In Sect. 1 the concept of uncertainty in astronomy is analyzed from Ptolemy to Laplace and Gauss. In Sect. 2 theoretical uses of probability and statistics in science are surveyed. Attention is focused on the historically important example of radioactive decay. In Sect. 3 the use of statistics in biology and the social sciences is examined, with detailed consideration of various Chi-square statistical tests. Such tests are essential for proper evaluation of many different kinds of scientific hypotheses.     

... In relation to social action

Pastoral Psychology -     

Basic concepts in Spinoza's social psychology

Spinoza's philosophical anthropology is reconstructed with a view to its relevance to theoretical and practical problems in social psychology. An attempt is made to show how he conceives the interrelations between cognitions, sentiments (i.e. emotions and attitudes), and interests (i.e. drives and desires) as relational concepts and as anchored in social interaction rather than in a purely individualistic conception of man. Spinoza's determinism is interpreted as a personal and social causation, rather than a physical, causal determinism, and his theory of cognition is interpreted partly in relation to the Hegelian distinction between undialectical and dialectical thinking.     

学术不端：从自然科学想到社会科学

今年,世界自然科学界出了一件大案子,就是韩国汉城大学黄禹锡发表在美国权威的《科学》杂志上的一篇论文被揭露出来实验材料和数据有假。此案已经尘埃落地。论文已由杂志宣布撤销,黄禹锡已被汉城大学宣布撤职,黄自己也已公开向公众道歉。一度被认为是一项重大的科学发观、科学创造,结果被查出来是一场骗局!这骗局,属于邹承鲁院士提出第一类学术不端行为:“伪造或篡改原始实验数据”。这是最严重的、危害最大的学术不     

Some implications of the logical calculus for empirical classes for social science methodology

An exposition of a calculus for empirical classes (CEC), one of the few attempts by logicians to deal with the problem of constructs and indicators, is presented. The CEC provides the groundwork for a formal structure for the situation in which individuals have a degree of membership in various classes rather than having either membership or nonmembership—a situation nearly always true in empirical research. The CEC is presented and its relation to various social science concepts is mentioned. An application of the CEC model to latent structure analysis (LSA) suggests alternatives to the local independence assumption including one called the local scale assumption, which has a close relation to a Guttman scale.