Go/no-go任务中的西蒙效应现象

西蒙效应是指被试在做按键反应时,即使刺激位置和反应位置与任务无关,但刺激位置和反应位置出现在同侧比出现在不同侧时反应更快更准确的现象。西蒙效应的反转就是对在不一侧的反应反而快于同一侧的反应。研究发现,在执行西蒙任务之前练习一个不同侧的空间联结,西蒙效应就会消失,甚至发生了西蒙效应的反转现象。之后的研究发现,go/no-go相容性任务中也能调制出来西蒙效应,进一步讨论西蒙效应的理论基础。西蒙效应在人类生活中的应用。     

情绪对西蒙效应的调节作用

西蒙效应（Simoneffect）是动作反应机制研究中的经典效应。基于微观分析的视角,动作反应机制可以用来解释和衡量操作效率。本文以22名大学生为被试,采用实验研究的方式,应用启动一靶（priming—target）范式探索情绪对水平和垂直西蒙效应的调节机制。结果表明,情绪影响西蒙效应的强度,相比中性和正性情绪启动,负性情绪降低了西蒙效应。同时,情绪对西蒙效应的调节作用仅表现在水平西蒙效应而不是在垂直西蒙效应中。本文为情绪对西蒙效应的调节机制提供了行为学实验研究证据。     

注视-西蒙效应的空间编码机制

采用注视-西蒙范式探讨了注视方向知觉的空间编码机制。实验一让被试采用双手交叉的反应方式,发现注视-西蒙效应并不随反应手的交叉而反转,说明它涉及抽象的空间方向编码,而非基于以手为参照系的半侧优势效应。实验二采用纯音音调辨别任务,发现了典型的注视-西蒙效应,结合实验一视觉通道的结果,说明注视-西蒙效应并非特异于视觉通道,它可能发生在晚期的反应选择阶段,而非早期的知觉阶段。结果支持注视线索能够自动诱发观察者形成抽象的方向表征的观点。     

从理论到研究,再到应用:塞勒及其贡献

继西蒙、泽尔腾和卡尼曼之后,芝加哥大学Booth商学院教授塞勒成为第四位基于有限理性开展研究而获得诺贝尔经济学奖的学者。在理论上,他接受和发展了有限理性观,提出和发展了心理账户理论;在基础研究上,他揭示和发现了心理账户具有禀赋效应、自我控制不足及公平偏好等独特属性;在实践应用上,他用相关的理论和发现说明和分析股票和基金市场的一些现象,将实证研究结果广泛应用于商业、公共事务管理、政策制定,提出了帮助人们绕开陷阱的"助推"方法。塞勒的研究形成了"理论-研究-应用"三位一体的逻辑体系。他不仅是行为经济学的奠基人,更是国家政策的谏言者之一。     

决策理论

本文系美国卡内基-梅隆大学教授,诺贝尔经济学奖获得者赫伯特·西蒙教授(中文名字为司马贺)所作。本文提出了管理学上的一个重要理论,即在决策过程中求满意度的问题,从而摒弃了一个主要的决策理论——SEU理论,即主观期望效用理论。     

后悔的“状态改变-状态继续”效应：一个概念框架

首先回顾了假设思维及后悔研究中的实验研究和现场研究的结果及相互之间的矛盾,总结先前研究对“做/不做”这对概念的界定。再探讨“做/不做”这对概念的不足后,作者用“状态改变/状态继续”来替代“做/不做”。在“状态改变－状态继续”框架基础上将事件分为“整体事件”和“分段事件”。研究证实“做/不做”只适合于“整体事件”而不适合“分段事件”。“状态改变-状态继续”效应的提出改变了先前研究思路,并扩大了标准理论的解释能力,将“做-不做”效应和“特例－常规”效应整合成“状态改变－状态继续”效应。同时,该框架部分地解释了长期存在于实验研究与现场研究中的假设思维所表现出的差异     

测验效应的内部机制——基于情景背景理论的视角

"测验效应"指提取比同等时间的重复学习,在随后的记忆测验中有更好的成绩。多数理论从提取角度解释该现象。近些年,精细提取理论得到诸多研究支持,但2014年,Karpicke等人提出的情景背景理论,对测验激活语义关联信息的解释提出质疑,认为被试在提取模式中对先前时间背景信息的复原是测验效应形成的关键。本文比较了测验效应研究的最新理论,结合提取加工的研究方法和成果,从提取模式、提取方向的角度解释了测验效应的内在机制。     

责任的二重性及责任意识的培养——基于心理学的视野

责任就是做好分内应做之事,既包括职务客观要求的“应做之事”,也包括个体主观认同的“分内之事”,体现出客观与主观二重性。这一特性决定了责任意识包含对应做之事进行客观认识的“责任认知”与对分内之事进行主观认同的“责任情感”二个方面。培养责任认知可以按照传统的教育方法,但责任情感的培养却需另辟蹊径。该文基于心理学的研究成果,从责任分散效应、责任归因理论与角色扮演理论等出发提出了培养责任意识的几条途径。     

情绪启动中反转效应的机制与研究

随着情绪启动研究的逐步发展,反转效应这一特殊现象呈现到研究者面前。一些研究逐步证实了引发反转效应的主要因素和其理论基础,但是并没有哪一个理论能够全面的解释反转效应这一现象。通过对目前关于反转效应的研究,提出未来反转效应的研究可以从实验任务,研究方法等方面逐步加以完善。     

框架效应及其认知机制的研究进展

框架效应违背了不变性原则,是描述性决策理论违背规范性理论的经典异像。以亚洲疾病问题为代表的经典框架效应又称作风险选择框架效应,此外还包括特征框架效应等不同类别。框架效应受损益值类型和大小等社会线索影响。除展望理论可以解释其认知机制外,模糊痕迹理论和概率心理模型等也对此加以解释。框架效应的脑机制在大脑右半球和杏仁核等区域。文章最后对全文做了总结及展望。     

On the current status of the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics

The evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics is a complexity theory that instantiates the Darwinian principles of selection, reproduction, and mutation in a genetic algorithm. The algorithm is used to animate artificial organisms that behave continuously in time and can be placed in any experimental environment. The present paper is an update on the status of the theory. It includes a summary of the evidence supporting the theory, a list of the theory's untested predictions, and a discussion of how the algorithmic operations of the theory may correspond to material reality. Based on the evidence reviewed here, the evolutionary theory appears to be a strong candidate for a comprehensive theory of adaptive behavior.     

Theories of chess skill

Summary The paper reviews the evidence for and against the recognition-association theory and a forward-search (SEEK) theory of chess skill. The recognition-association theory appears to be founded on indirect evidence concerning visual short-term memory, together with supplementary assumptions that may be questioned, and provides no role for verbal processes. There is no direct support for the theory, which omits forward search for reasons that are reexamined. In contrast, the SEEK theory maintains that move choice is based on search and evaluation processes supplemented (or else supplanted) by a knowledge base. These processes are directly evidenced by experimental findings. The objection that search theories cannot account for speed chess is met by a review of the available evidence. It is concluded that chess skill relies on thinking ahead rather than on pattern recognition.     

风险敏感理论:需要驱动风险决策

风险敏感理论由研究动物觅食行为发展而来,提出有机体在有需要的状况下会出现从风险规避到风险寻求的行为,是风险决策领域内的一种生物学理论。目前风险敏感理论所做出的预测在动物和人类身上都获得了大量实证研究的支持,表明该理论可以解释很多领域中的风险决策。因此有必要对这一理论做一个系统的论述,包括对其理论来源和数学模型的发展演变进行梳理;从参照点等不同的角度分析该理论与其他决策理论的区别;并且,风险敏感理论也为经济不平等和权力等外部因素下的风险转移提供了解释,对已有研究做出了独特的贡献。     

You learn it in your heart: transformative learning theory and clinical pastoral education

This article offers a broad overview of transformative learning theory focusing primarily on the rational and affective dimensions of the theory. As a comprehensive theory of adult learning, transformative learning theory seeks to articulate a process by which persons make meaning of their experiences and their lives. The theory provides a solid educational basis for the learning process in CPE. A list of major sources in the theory is included.     

Modernity and Morality in Habermas's Discourse Ethics

Discourse ethics is originally conceived as a programme of philosophicaljustification of morality. This depends on the formal derivation of the moral principle (U) from non-moral principles. The moral theory is supposed to fall out of a pragmatic theory of meaning. The original programme plays a central role in Habermas's social theory: the moral theory, if true, provides good evidence for the more general theory of modernization. But neither Habermas nor his followers have succeeded in providing a formal derivation. This essay shows how and why Habermas's proposed derivation is impossible. As if aware of the lacuna, Habermas has recently suggested that (U) can be derived by 'abduction' rather than deduction. The proposal draws heavily on modernization theory; hence the only justification for (U) now available to him rests on premises drawn from that theory. The original programme of the justificationof morality has thus given way to the weaker programme of the philosophical elucidationof morality. Further, since Habermas's moral theory is no longer justified independently of modernization theory, but at least partly by it, the moral theory cannot without circularity provide evidence for the modernization theory.     

Toward Theory Development and Measure Evolution for Studying Women's Relationships and HIV Infection

This commentary reviews and integrates selected empirical findings from this special issue of Sex Roles on Gender, Power, and Women's Relationships: Implications for HIV. Then the effects of current definitions of certain social science practices on theory development in these areas are considered. These practices especially hamper cross-cultural theory and measure development. New directions are proposed, centering on the relations between theory development, measurement, and application in the context of cultural variations. I conclude with a proposed strategy for local culture theory development. This strategy localizes measurement of theoretical constructs to adapt the theory to local cultural conditions, then localizes theory by indicating needed adjustments to the structure of theoretical linkages.     

A modular theory of learning and performance

We describe a theory to account for the acquisition and extinction of response rate (conditioning) and pattern (timing). This modular theory is a development of packet theory (Kirkpatrick, 2002; Kirkpatrick & Church, 2003) that adds a distinction between pattern and strength memories, as well as contributing closed-form equations. We describe the theory using equations related to a flow diagram and illustrate it by an application to an experiment with repeated acquisitions and extinctions of a multiple-cued-interval procedure using rats. The parameter estimates for the theory were based on a calibration sample from the data, and the predictions for different measures of performance on a validation sample from the same data (cross-validation). The theory’s predictions were similar to predictions based on the reliability of the behavior.     

Empirical comparison of Markov and quantum models of decision making

There are at least two general theories for building probabilistic-dynamical systems: one is Markov theory and another is quantum theory. These two mathematical frameworks share many fundamental ideas, but they also differ in some key properties. On the one hand, Markov theory obeys the law of total probability, but quantum theory does not; on the other hand, quantum theory obeys the doubly stochastic law, but Markov theory does not. Therefore, the decision about whether to use a Markov or a quantum system depends on which of these laws are empirically obeyed in an application. This article derives two general methods for testing these theories that are parameter free, and presents a new experimental test. The article concludes with a review of experimental findings from cognitive psychology that evaluate these two properties.