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1.
L. van Domburgh R. Loeber D. Bezemer R. Stallings M. Stouthamer-Loeber 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(7):967-980
Childhood predictors of adolescent offending careers were studied in 310 boys from the longitudinal Pittsburgh Youth Study
who started offending prior to age 12. Three main groups were distinguished: serious persisters (n = 95), moderately serious persisters (n = 117), desisters (n = 63), and an intermittent group (n = 35). Group membership was predicted using risk and promotive factors measured in childhood. Serious and moderately serious
persisters could be distinguished well from desisters (29.2% and 32.3% explained variance). Distinction between the two persister
groups proved somewhat more difficult (20.9% explained variance). More serious persisters than desisters showed disruptive
behavior, while moderately serious persisters fell in between. Further, more moderately serious persisters were marked by
social disadvantage. Family involvement, small family and positive peer relationships were promotive of desistance. Concluding,
early onset offenders show considerable heterogeneity in their adolescent offending careers which seem to some extent to be
predicted by different sets of risk and promotive factors. 相似文献
2.
Karen P. Powell Whitney A. Cogswell Carol A. Christianson Gaurav Dave Amit Verma Sonja Eubanks Vincent C. Henrich 《Journal of genetic counseling》2012,21(1):113-126
The purpose of this study was to assess primary care physicians’ awareness, experience, opinions and preparedness to answer
patients’ questions regarding direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing. An anonymous survey was mailed to 2,402 family and
internal medicine providers in North Carolina. Of the 382 respondents, 38.7% (n = 148) were aware of and 15% (n = 59) felt prepared to answer questions about DTC genetic tests. Respondents aged 50 or older were more likely to be aware
of DTC genetic testing than those less than 40 years old (OR = 2.42). Male providers were more likely to feel prepared to answer questions than female providers (OR = 2.65). Among respondents who reportedly were aware, family practitioners were more likely than internists (OR = 3.30) to think DTC testing was clinically useful, and 18.9% had patients ask questions or bring in test results. The small
percent of physicians who were aware of DTC genetic testing or felt prepared to answer questions about it suggests that education
of providers will be necessary if testing becomes more widespread. 相似文献
3.
Angelica Mucchi-Faina Maria Giuseppina Pacilli Jyoti Verma 《Psychological studies》2010,55(4):365-373
In the present research, we developed a familism scale comprised of two dimensions, namely support obligations and traditional norms, in order to examine cross-cultural and gender differences in a group of Indian (n = 107) and of Italian students (n = 106). We hypothesised and found that support obligations were judged more important than traditional norms in both groups.
Moreover, the Indian participants considered both dimensions of familism more important than did their Italian counterparts.
Indian women gave greater importance to traditional norms than Indian men did, while Italian women gave greater importance
to support obligations than Italian men did. The social implications of cross-cultural and gender differences in familism
are discussed. 相似文献
4.
This study tested several theoretically important differences between youth with a childhood-onset and youth with an adolescent-onset
to their severe conduct problems. Seventy-eight pre-adjudicated adolescent boys (ranging in age from 11 to 18) housed in two
short-term detention facilities and one outpatient program for youth at risk for involvement in the juvenile justice system
participated in the current study. The sample was divided into those with a childhood-onset to their serious conduct problem
behavior (n = 47) and those with an adolescent-onset (n = 31). The childhood-onset group showed greater levels of dysfunctional parenting, callous–unemotional traits, and affiliation
with delinquent peers. The only variable more strongly associated with the adolescent-onset group was lower scores on a measure
of traditionalism. 相似文献
5.
Allyn McConkie-Rosell Elizabeth Melvin Heise Gail A. Spiridigliozzi 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(4):313-325
Little is known about how and what genetic risk information parents communicate to their children and even less is known about
what children hear and remember. To address this void, we explored how genetic risk information was learned, what information
was given and who primarily provided information to adolescent girls and young adult women in families with fragile X syndrome.
We explored three levels of risk knowledge: learning that fragile X syndrome was an inherited disorder, that they could be
a carrier, and for those who had been tested, actual carrier status. These data were collected as part of a study that also
explored adolescent self concept and age preferences about when to inform about genetic risk. Those findings have been presented
separately. The purpose of this paper is to present the communication data. Using a multi-group cross-sectional design this
study focused on girls ages 14–25 years from families previously diagnosed with fragile X syndrome, 1) who knew they were
carriers (n = 20), 2) noncarriers (n = 18), or 3) at-risk to be carriers (n = 15). For all three stages of information the majority of the study participants were informed by a family member. We identified
three different communication styles: open, sought information, and indirect. The content of the remembered conversations
varied based on the stage of genetic risk information being disclosed as well as the girls’ knowledge of her own carrier status.
Girls who had been tested and knew their actual carrier status were more likely to report an open communication pattern than
girls who knew only that they were at-risk. 相似文献
6.
Using an experimental design, male (n = 41) and female (n = 46) undergraduate students in the southeastern USA evaluated an identical written lecture by a male and female professor
on pay disparities between men and women in the workforce suggesting sex discrimination. Regardless of the students’ sex,
the male professor and his lecture was rated more positively and less sexist than the female professor. Moderated multiple
regression analysis indicated that more traditional and gender stereotypical attitudes toward women in male students were
related to greater sexism ratings of the female professor compared to the male professor whereas; no differences on ratings
of sexism between the male and female professor were found for male students with more liberal attitudes. 相似文献
7.
Breast and global body dissatisfaction were examined in Asian (n = 237), European (n = 196), Hispanic (n = 109), and African (n = 58) American college women. Asian American women reported the lowest body satisfaction on the Appearance Evaluation Scale
(Cash, T. F. The multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire users’ manual: 3rd revision, 2000) and greatest breast dissatisfaction on one of two breast dissatisfaction measures. Ethnic differences in breast dissatisfaction,
but not in body dissatisfaction, disappeared when body size (BMI) was statistically controlled. Results were consistent with
research showing that (1) ethnic differences in body dissatisfaction are small, (2) studies of ethnic differences must include
appropriate controls for total or specific body size, and (3) Asian college women report lower global body satisfaction than
women of African, European, or Hispanic heritage.
For additional papers and information, please contact David Frederick at enderflies1@aol.com, visit his website at or contact Gordon B. Forbes at gforbes@millikin.edu. 相似文献
8.
Margaret Malone Sharon Alger-Mayer John M. Polimeni 《Applied research in quality of life》2012,7(2):155-161
The majority of studies which have evaluated health related quality of life are limited in the duration of follow up. The
objective of this study was to prospectively conduct an evaluation using a repeated cross sectional analysis of separate patient
cohorts who were up to four years after gastric bypass surgery. Adult Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients were recruited to
the study. All patients were requested to complete a general health status questionnaire, the Short Form-36 (SF-36), before
surgery or at their post operative out patient follow up visits. Patient weight was documented at each follow up visit. A
cross sectional analysis was performed to evaluate SF-36 scores in each annual cohort. Data are reported as mean +/− S.D.
Three-hundred-eight patients completed at least one SF-36 assessment [Initial assessment at the time of surgery, time 1, n = 245, 1y n = 149, 2y n = 70, 3y n = 59, 4y n = 61]. The SF-36 scores were greater (p < 0.05) in each of the separate post surgery cohorts for physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, social
functioning, pain, vitality, general health and the physical component summary (PCS) scores. While not comparing changes in
scores within individuals over time, these data suggest early improvement especially in the physical dimension of health related
quality of life. In this analysis, this finding was also observed in each of the separate cohorts up to 4 years after gastric
bypass surgery. 相似文献
9.
10.
Studies of adults with depression point to characteristic neurocognitive deficits, including differences in processing facial
expressions. Few studies have examined face processing in juvenile depression, or taken account of other comorbid disorders.
Three groups were compared: depressed children and adolescents with conduct disorder (n = 23), depressed children and adolescents without conduct disorder (n = 29) and children and adolescents without disorder (n = 37). A novel face emotion processing experiment presented faces with ‘happy’, ‘sad’, ‘angry’, or ‘fearful’ expressions
of varying emotional intensity using morphed stimuli. Those with depression showed no overall or specific deficits in facial
expression recognition accuracy. Instead, they showed biases affecting processing of low-intensity expressions, more often
perceiving these as sad. In contrast, non-depressed controls more often misperceived low intensity negative emotions as happy.
There were no differences between depressed children and adolescents with and without conduct disorder, or between children
with comorbid depression/conduct disorder and controls. Face emotion processing biases rather than deficits appear to distinguish
depressed from non-depressed children and adolescents. 相似文献
11.
Glashouwer KA de Jong PJ Dijk C Buwalda FM 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(4):540-546
To explain fear of blushing, it has been proposed that individuals with fear of blushing overestimate the social costs of
their blushing. Current information-processing models emphasize the relevance of differentiating between more automatic and
more explicit cognitions, as both types of cognitions may independently influence behavior. The present study tested whether
individuals with fear of blushing expect blushing to have more negative social consequences than controls, both on an explicit
level and on a more automatic level. Automatic associations between blushing and social costs were assessed in a treatment-seeking
sample of individuals with fear of blushing who met DSM-IV criteria for social anxiety disorder (n = 49) and a non-anxious control group (n = 27) using a single-target Implicit Association Test (stIAT). In addition, participants’ explicit expectations about the
social costs of their blushing were assessed. Individuals with fear of blushing showed stronger associations between blushing
and negative outcomes, as indicated by both stIAT and self-report. The findings support the view that automatic and explicit
associations between blushing and social costs may both help to enhance our understanding of the cognitive processes that
underlie fear of blushing. 相似文献
12.
Using a stratified sample of Canadian adolescents residing in Ontario (n = 2,154) time use patterns and perceptions of time pressure are explored to determine gender differences among younger (12–14 years)
and older adolescents (15–19 years). For both age groups, girls report a higher total workload of schoolwork, domestic activities
and paid employment and spend more time on personal care while boys have more free time, especially during early adolescence.
Feelings of time pressure for teens increase with age and are significantly higher for girls in both age categories. Gender
differences are less pronounced on school days when time is fairly structured, but become more consistent with traditional
gender schema on the weekend when time use is more discretionary. 相似文献
13.
Emre Senol-Durak Mithat Durak 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(2):264-272
To evaluate emotional approach coping, including the dimensions of emotional processing and emotional expression, the Emotional
Approach Coping Scale (EACS) is frequently used. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of situational EACS
among Turkish participants (n = 557), including university students (n = 283) and community members (n = 274). The results revealed that a two-factor model showed significant goodness of fit for confirmatory factor analysis.
Furthermore, multi-group comparisons based on sample groups (university students and community members) and gender groups
demonstrated no significant differences between the constrained and unconstrained models. In addition to sufficient reliability
of the EACS, the concurrent and discriminant validity of the scale were supported by association of the EACS with state anxiety
and social desirability. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed. 相似文献
14.
We compared social self-competence ratings in 9–12 year old girls with (n = 42) versus without (n = 40) ADHD, relative to ratings of the girls’ social competence made by mothers, teachers, and blind raters during a social
laboratory task. Relative to scores from mothers, teachers, and the lab-task, girls with ADHD over-estimated their competence
significantly more than control girls. Over-estimates were greater for girls with ADHD who also had heightened oppositional-defiant
symptoms, or lower depressive symptoms. Over-estimates were positively related to a socially desirable reporting bias for
girls with ADHD, but not for control girls, suggesting that girls with ADHD attempt to present themselves in an unduly positive,
self-protective light. For girls with ADHD, over-estimates also were positively related to maladjustment and negatively related
to adjustment. However, for girls without ADHD, over-estimates were positively related to adjustment. Overall, over-estimates
of competence function differently in girls with and without ADHD. 相似文献
15.
Jelle J. Sijtsema Siegwart M. Lindenberg René Veenstra 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(6):803-813
In this study a homophily selection hypothesis was tested against a default selection hypothesis, to answer whether preferred
and realized friendships of highly aggressive boys differed. In a large peer-nomination sample, we assessed who highly overt
aggressive, low prosocial boys (n = 181) nominated as friends (preferred friendships) and who among the nominated friends reciprocated the friendship (realized
friendships). These preferred and realized friendships were compared with those of less aggressive (n = 1,268) and highly aggressive but also prosocial boys (bi-strategics; n = 55). Results showed that less aggressive boys preferred peers low on aggression, whereas highly aggressive and bi-strategic
boys preferred peers not particular high or low on aggression. In line with default selection, highly aggressive boys ended
up with aggressive peers even though that was not their preference. In general, received support proved an important determinant
of highly aggressive, bi-strategic, and less aggressive boys’ preferred and realized friendships. Especially highly aggressive
boys preferred emotionally supportive friends, but ended up with the least supportive peers. In sum, for friendships of highly
overt aggressive boys, the evidence favors default selection over homophily selection. 相似文献
16.
Little research has examined the association between life satisfaction, self-rated health (SRH), and physical activity concurrently
for middle school students. A convenience sample of 245 students in grades 7 and 8 was surveyed about physical activity, life
satisfaction, and SRH using the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2005 Middle School Youth Risk Behavior Survey. ANOVA analyses revealed significantly reduced life satisfaction for females who
reported not engaging in vigorous physical activity during the past 7 days [p < .01, effect size (ES) = .75]. Significantly reduced life satisfaction was detected for both males (p < .001, ES = .66) and females (p < .0001, ES = .80) who reported not playing on sports teams. Additionally, logistic regression analyses showed the odds of
reporting fair/poor SRH increased 5.4 times for males (CI = 1.30–22.39, p < .05) and 30.9 times for females (CI = 3.74–255.43, p < .001) who reported not playing on sports teams. Preliminary findings suggest physical activity and sports participation
is associated with improved life satisfaction and SRH for middle school students. In addition, although some gender differences
were observed, consistent findings for sports participation suggest sports participation may carry multiple social, mental,
and physical benefits for youth. 相似文献
17.
Juliette Margo Liber Brigit M. van Widenfelt Adelinde J. M. van der Leeden Arnold W. Goedhart Elisabeth M. W. J. Utens Philip D. A. Treffers 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(5):683-694
The present study investigated the impact of comorbidity over and above the impact of symptom severity on treatment outcome
of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for children with anxiety disorders. Children (aged 8–12, n = 124) diagnosed with an anxiety disorder were treated with a short-term CBT protocol. Severity was assessed with a composite
measure of parent-reported behavior problems. Two approaches to comorbidity were examined; “total comorbidity” which differentiated
anxiety disordered children with (n = 69) or without (n = 55) a co-occurring disorder and “non-anxiety comorbidity’ which differentiated anxious children with (n = 22) or without a non-anxiety comorbid disorder (n = 102). Treatment outcome was assessed in terms of Recovery, represented by post-treatment diagnostic status, and Reliable
Change, a score reflecting changes in pre- to post-treatment symptom levels. Severity contributed to the prediction of (no)
Recovery and (more) Reliable Change in parent-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms and self-reported depressive
symptoms. Total and non-anxiety comorbidity added to the prediction of diagnostic recovery. Non-anxiety comorbidity added
to the prediction of Reliable Change in parent reported measures by acting as a suppressor variable. Non-anxiety comorbidity
operated as a strong predictor that explained all of the variance associated with severity for self-reported depressive symptoms.
The results support the need for further research on mechanisms by which treatment gains in children with higher symptom severity
and non-anxiety comorbidity can be achieved. 相似文献
18.
Augustine Osman John E. Williams Kelly Espenschade Peter M. Gutierrez Jennifer R. Bailey Osman Chowdhry 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(3):202-214
The psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) were examined in adolescent psychiatric
inpatient samples. In Study 1 (n = 287), confirmatory factor analyses provided satisfactory fit for the four-factor (comparative fit index; CFI = 0.856) and
higher-order (CFI = 0.854) solutions. Using parcels as items, the fit of the four-factor model was improved substantially
(CFI = 0.935). Next, in the bifactor analyses, support was attained for a model that included a general factor and four domain
specific subfactors. In Study 2 (n = 195 inpatient youths), the MASC showed good scale reliability and concurrent validity. Results of the receiver operating
characteristic curve and binary logistic regression analyses provided adequate evidence for discriminative validity. In Study
3 (n = 40), test–retest reliability of scores on the MASC-10 scale over a 3-week period was adequate (r
tt = 0.83, p < 0.001) for children ages 8 to 11 years. 相似文献
19.
Christien G. W. de Jong Séverine Van De Voorde Herbert Roeyers Ruth Raymaekers Jaap Oosterlaan Joseph A. Sergeant 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(7):1007-1017
The nature of the comorbidity between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Reading Disability (RD) was examined
using a double dissociation design. Children were between 8 and 12 years of age and entered into four groups: ADHD only (n = 24), ADHD+RD (n = 29), RD only (n = 41) and normal controls (n = 26). In total, 120 children participated in the study; 38 girls and 82 boys. Both ADHD and RD were associated with impairments
in inhibition and lexical decision, although inhibition and lexical decision were more severely impaired in RD than in ADHD.
Visuospatial working memory deficits were specific to children with only ADHD. It is concluded that there was overlap on lexical
decision and to a lesser extent on inhibition between ADHD and RD. In ADHD, impairments were dependent on IQ, which suggest
that the overlap in lexical decision and inhibition is different in origin for ADHD and RD. The ADHD only group was specifically
characterized by deficits in visuospatial working memory. Hence, no double dissociation between ADHD and RD was found on executive
functioning and lexical decision. 相似文献
20.
Amit Bernstein Samuel Jurado Cárdenas Patricia Edith Campos Coy Michael J. Zvolensky 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(4):491-500
The aim of the present study was to evaluate a factor mixture-based taxonic-dimensional model of anxiety sensitivity (AS)
(Bernstein et al. Behavior Therapy 41:515-521, 2010), as measured by the ASI-3 (Taylor et al. Psychological Assessment 19:176-188, 2007), in regard to panic attacks, anxiety symptoms, and behavioral impairment among a university sample (N = 150, n
females
= 107, M
age = 21.3 years, SD = 4.3) and a clinical sample (N = 150, n
females
= 102, M
age = 39.0 years, SD = 12.0) from Mexico City, Mexico. Findings demonstrated cross-national support for the conceptual and operational utility
of the AS taxonic-dimensional hypothesis (Bernstein et al. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 20:1-22, 2007b). Specifically, (1) the FMM-based AS taxon class base rate was significantly greater among the clinical relative to the university
sample; (2) risk for panic attacks was significantly greater among the AS taxon class relative to the AS normative class;
and (3) continuous individual differences in AS physical and psychological concerns, within the AS taxon class, were associated
with level of risk for panic attacks, as well as panic attack severity and anxiety symptom levels. Similar AS taxonic-dimensional
effects were observed in relation to degree of behavioral impairment across domains of functioning. The study results are
discussed with respect to their implications for better understanding the nature of AS-related cognitive vulnerability for
panic and related anxiety psychopathology. 相似文献