人口统计学特征对公共服务动机有什么影响?来自元分析的证据

采用元分析方法探讨人口统计学特征与公共服务动机之间的关系。经筛选, 共纳入138篇492个独立样本(N = 1078442)。结果发现, 性别、年龄、教育程度、组织任期、工作任期、职位等级和收入与公共服务动机之间均呈显著的正相关关系, 且与公共服务动机不同维度之间的关系均存在差异, 婚姻状况与公共服务动机间不存在显著的相关关系。此外, 公共服务动机测量工具、测量时间点和文化背景对部分人口统计学特征与公共服务动机之间的关系有调节作用。研究结果为人口统计学特征如何影响公共服务动机提供了较为精确的估计, 对于发展公共服务动机理论, 激励员工工作积极性, 提高公共部门服务水平都有重要意义。     

中国情境下公共服务动机的理论构建与绩效转换机制

准确把握基层公职人员的公共服务动机是提升工作绩效、完善人力资源管理的重要前提。现有公共服务动机研究忽略了中国情景的特殊性, 对公共服务动机的微观激发机制及其消极绩效影响也关注不足。本研究从中国情景下公共服务动机的概念、核心构成要素、激发机制以及绩效结果入手, 从三个方面系统地构建适合中国场景的公共服务动机理论：第一, 将公共服务动机视为混合动机概念, 基于扎根理论的定性方式识别基层公务员公共服务动机的构成要素与核心内涵, 并据此开发本土化、多维度的公共服务动机量表; 第二, 从微观激发机制出发, 探讨受益人接触、自我倡议、观念反思等机制对个体公共服务动机的激发作用; 第三, 从积极影响和消极影响两个方面探讨公共服务动机与个体公务员行为间的关联及其机理。本研究既响应了国内公共管理学界长期以来发展本土理论的呼声, 亦为政府部门完善公共人事政策提供切实思路和实证依据。     

安全动机在安全绩效模型中的作用：自我决定理论的视角

在日常工作中, 安全动机是员工保持安全行为的重要决定因素。安全动机对安全绩效的影响虽然已引起研究者的关注, 但相关的实证研究缺少清晰的理论界定和有效的测量工具。本项目拟在安全绩效模型的基础上, 借鉴自我决定理论对动机的分类, 将安全动机的类型进行扩展, 并在多层次模型中探讨安全动机在变革型领导、个体特征和安全绩效之间的中介作用, 以及在中国管理背景下可能存在的边界条件。研究将结合访谈、问卷和情境实验等方法对上述变量间关系进行相关和因果关系的探讨。本项目将自我决定理论与安全绩效模型相结合, 可以为安全研究的动机理论发展做出贡献; 研究结果亦可为安全管理实践提供评价工具和有效指导。     

认知闭合需要研究梳理与未来走向

认知闭合需要反应了个体在不确定情景中的认知动机, 在信息爆炸不断加重认知负荷的今天具有重要研究意义。研究梳理了认知闭合需要的概念结构与测量工具, 总结了近30年来相关研究在人格特质、信息加工、决策偏好、态度信念和精神健康等领域的研究结果, 最终指出区分“能力”和“动机”是未来研究的正确走向。此外, 未来的研究还应深入探讨认知闭合需要的概念与结构, 正确使用和合理开发相关测量工具, 并且丰富对其前因变量的实证研究。     

拥挤的动机：公益投资中的公共服务动机与外部激励

现代公共管理日益重视公共服务动机,但如何激励公共服务动机,却悬而未决。针对已有研究的局限,采用公益投资博弈的实验范式,考察了激励类型、性别和PSM水平对动机-绩效关系的影响。发现：1）PSM能显著预测公益投资绩效;2）金钱激励撤销后对所有被试均造成了不良后果（动机挤出）;4）荣誉激励能显著提升男性被试的公益投资绩效,且不造成消极后果;但会给女性带来PSM的挤出。未来研究还应考察PSM是否存在内隐层面,并应当考虑文化适合性。     

创业动机研究：概念结构、影响因素和理论模型

创业动机是驱动个体创业的心理倾向或动力, 它是个体创业行为发生的有效预测变量。在介绍完创业动机的概念、结构和测量工具的基础上, 文章综述了影响创业动机的因素, 包括大五人格特质、自我效能感、目标和环境因素等。接着着重阐述了经典创业动机理论, 包括拉动和推动理论、简单和复杂理论, 以及新近提出的解放理论。最后对未来研究进行了评价和展望。     

课程学习经历提升青少年社会参与素养：链式中介效应

运用基于学校的研究范式,以上海市某中学为样本学校,考察社会参与特色课程学习经历对青少年社会参与素养的影响机制。结果显示:（1）修学的特色课程门数（量）、情感体验（质）、公共服务动机和社会参与素养两两显著正相关;（2）情感体验和公共服务动机在课程学习数量和社会参与素养间发挥完全中介作用;（3）未能发现基础课程成绩在链式中介中起调节作用。研究为通过加强课程情感体验进而提升青少年核心素养提供了积极启示。     

生命意义心理学理论取向与测量

生命意义的心理学理论与实证研究始于20世纪中期,经由存在主义心理学取向、人格与动机取向,到相对主义观点,再到积极心理学取向,生命意义的心理学研究逐渐摆脱"哲学风格",从而完成了其"心理学化"的历程。20世纪60年代开始,研究者们从生命意义感和生命意义源这两个研究维度出发,陆续开发了大量的测量工具。生命意义感和生命意义源测量的综合化成为近年来测量工具发展的趋势。生命意义的心理学研究在理论视角、测量内容与方法、实践应用等方面有着广阔的发展前景。     

《青少年心理健康素质调查表》动力系统分量表的编制

本文旨在介绍青少年心理健康素质动力系统量表的编制及其标准化过程。量表编制的重要理论基础为马斯洛的五级动机理论和弗兰克尔的自我超越动机理论。研究的测量工具有:自尊量表,自我超越生命意义量表,指向自我生命意义量表和对意义的追寻量表。被试为北京市某中学的334名初中高中学生。结果显示:青少年心理健康素质动力系统量表的内部一致性Cronbach′sα=0.90,效标效度较理想。研究结论:该量表可以作为测量青少年心理健康素质动力系统的一个较为可靠的工具。     

动机的结构与效应：基于动机连续体的视角

动机是影响学生学业成绩重要的非认知因素。通常认为动机对学习是有利的,但研究发现并非所有动机都是有益的,这提醒研究人员有必要区分出各种不同的动机类型。现有研究一致表明内部动机对学业成就具有积极且长期稳定的效应,而外部动机的效应尚存在争议。具体而言,有研究者认为外部动机对学业成就是有害的,但部分研究发现外部动机在某些特定情况下能够发挥着不可或缺的积极作用。 针对上述存在的争议,本研究梳理了“动机连续体”这一概念,从两个方面的研究来进行阐释。首先,从大理论的角度整合了动机的相关理论,以自我决定理论的动机连续体为基础,引出相关理论,如兴趣理论、目标理论、期望价值理论、自我价值理论、强化理论、社会认知理论等。这些理论可以解释动机连续体中一种或几种类型的动机。 其次,从动机的结构及其如何影响结果变量这一角度对上述理论及其应用进行总结,主要存在四个观点。传统的争论集中在单维结构和多维结构之间。单维结构认为内部动机和外部动机是相互对立的,即内部动机会促进绩效,而外部动机会降低绩效。多维结构认为内部动机和外部动机能够相互累加,都能促进绩效。近年来,研究人员提出了更复杂的结构来整合上述观点。譬如半辐射结构使用全局因子来表示动机的整体水平,同时允许特定因子表示具体动机类型。这种半辐射结构借用了双因子模型,提取了一个“自我决定因子”,同时允许每种特定动机类型具有自身独特的影响。此外,乘积模型表明这两种动机之间存在交互作用,即外部动机的对结果的影响会因个体内部动机水平的变化而变化,反之亦然。 综上所述,本研究总结了关于动机连续体的不同理论之间的优缺点,回顾了动机结构的不同假设及其应用。在不同学科中对动机的测量方式、动机对不同结果变量的不同影响以及动机的跨文化研究等问题仍然是目前研究的热点。对动机结构和效应的深入探讨可以更好地帮助研究人员将不同的理论应用于适当的情境中。     

反映还是形成？平行还是层级？PSM的模型建构与检验

在心理学领域,传统的多指标潜变量的测量模型大都采用反映性建构,各指标反映了潜在构念,构念是各指标的原因.但实际上有些构念应该采用形成性建构,各指标是原因,形成了潜在构念.建构方式的选择不仅要从理论来考虑,还要通过数据特征来决定.研究以公共服务动机（PSM）构念为例,通过公益投资游戏取得投资绩效和满意度效标,验证了先前研究提出的“一阶反映二阶形成”建构模式,并进一步检验了层级性建构方式的优势,有助于PSM理论框架与实证测量的统一.     

The Motivation Analysis Test: an historical and contemporary evaluation

This is an historical review and contemporary empirical evaluation of the Motivation Analysis Test (MAT), one of the first tests to take a psychometric approach to the assessment of motivation. Reviews were quite positive, but the test is now over 50 years old. Nevertheless, it employs innovations in measurement not widely used in objective measurement then or now: (1) subtests with different formats, (2) disguised items, (3) speeded administration procedures, and (4) ipsative format and scoring procedures. These issues are discussed and a contemporary sample (N = 360) obtained to evaluate the Motivation Analysis Test in light of its innovative characteristics.     

Scaling a simplex

A least-squares solution for scaling the variables of a Guttman simplex is developed. The procedure yields a ratio scale, two varieties of interval scale, and orders the variables. A measure of the goodness of fit of the scale to the data is suggested. An example of the application of the method is given. The problem of non-positive correlations is discussed.I am indebted to Professor Lloyd Humphreys for suggesting this problem. Mr. Joseph Levin independently has arrived at the results of the first section of the paper. The final version of this paper was prepared while the author was a U. S. Public Health Service Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.     

Interactive scaling with individual subjects

A metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure based on computer-subject interaction is developed, and an experiment designed to validate the procedure is presented. The interactive MDS system allows generalization of current MDS systems in two directions: (a) very large numbers of stimuli may be scaled; and (b) the scaling is performed with individual subjects, facilitating the investigation of individual as well as group processes. The experiment provided positive support for the interactive MDS system. Specifically, (a) individual data are amenable to meaningful interpretation, and they provide a tentative basis for quantitative investigation; and (b) grouped data provide meaningful interpretive and quantitative results which are equivalent to results from standard paired-comparisons methods.This report was supported in part by a PHS research grant, No. M-10006, from the National Institute of Mental Health, in part by a Science Development grant, No. GU-2059, from the National Science Foundation, both granted to the Psychometric Laboratory at the University of North Carolina, and in part by a PHS research grant, No. MH-16474, from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service, granted to the second author. The major portion of this research was performed while the second author was the L. L. Thurstone Distinguished Fellow at the Psychometric Laboratory of the University of North Carolina while on leave from the University of Southern California. The authors are indebted to Amnon Rapoport and Thomas S. Wallsten for their critical evaluations of an earlier version of this report. While this paper was entirely a cooperative effort on the part of both authors, the first author was primarily responsible for the algorithms, and the second for developing the mathematical model.     

Relationships between the U.S. Secret Service and the behavioral and social sciences

The United States Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The Secret Service investigates crimes related to U.S. currency, credit card fraud, forgery of government obligations, and other related violations. However, the Secret Service is perhaps best known for its protective and investigative responsibilities involving the President and Vice President of the United States, members of their immediate families, and visiting foreign dignitaries. During the past 22 years, concern for protective responsibilities has provoked occasional and sometimes fruitful dialogue between the Secret Service and members of the professional behavioral and social sciences communities. This article describes the evolution and future possibilities of that relationship by providing: (a) a brief history and overview of the Secret Service, focusing on its protective and investigative responsibilities, (b) an analysis of the recent contributions of the behavioral and social sciences to the Secret Service, and (c) an assessment of current and future directions to be taken in the professional behavioral sciences intramural and extramural research programs recently established by the Secret Service.     

Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A monte carlo study of the basic parameters

Metric determinacy of nonmetric multidimensional scaling was investigated as a function of the number of points being scaled, the amount of error in the data being scaled, and the accuracy of estimation of the Minkowski distance function parameters, dimensionality and the r-constant. It was found that nonmetric scaling may provide better models if (1) the true structure is of low dimensionality, (2) the dimensionality of recovered structure is not less than the dimensionality of the true structure, (3) degree of error is low, and (4) the degrees of freedom ratio is greater than about 2.5. It was also found that (5) accurate estimation of the Minkowski constant leads to a better model only if the dimensionality has been properly estimated.This report is based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Arts at the University of North Carolina, April, 1970. The thesis is an outgrowth of earlier work done with Forrest W. Young. The author is indebted to Forrest W. Young, Norman Cliff, and Lyle V. Jones for their assistance in the preparation of this report. This report was supported in part by PHS research grant No. M-10006 from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service.     

Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: Recovery of metric information

The degree of metric determinancy afforded by nonmetric multidimensional scaling was investigated as a function of the number of points being scaled, the true dimensionality of the data being scaled, and the amount of error contained in the data being scaled. It was found 1) that if the ratio of the degrees of freedom of the data to that of the coordinates is sufficiently large then metric information is recovered even when random error is present; and 2) when the number of points being scaled increases the stress of the solution increases even though the degree of metric determinacy increases.This report was supported in part by a PHS research grant No. M-10006 from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service, and in part by a Science Development grant No. GU-2059, from the National Science Foundation. The author is indebted to Charles R. Sherman for his assistance in gathering the data and for his critical re-writing of sections of this report. The assistance of Lyle V. Jones in his critical readings and comments is also deeply appreciated.     

Fitting a simplex symmetrically

A method for fitting a perfect simplex [Guttman, 1954] is suggested which, in contrast to Kaiser's [1962], is independent of the order of the manifest variables. It is based on a procedure for scaling a set of points from their pairwise distances [Torgerson, 1958; Young & Householder, 1938] which is reviewed in compact notation in the Appendix. The method is extended to an iterative algorithm for fitting a quasi-simplex. Some empirical results are included.This work was done while the author held a Visiting Research Fellowship at the Educational Testing Service. The gracious hospitality of this institution, as well as its scenic surroundings, are beyond praise. An earlier version of this paper (ETS Research Bulletin RB-68-31) was reviewed by Drs. Karl G. Jöreskog and Bruce Bloxom who contributed to its improvement. For a critical reading of the final draft, I owe thanks to Miss Ming-Mei Wang.     

Motivation for Solitude: A Cross-Cultural Examination of Adolescents from Collectivist and Individualist Cultures in South Africa

Solitude during adolescence is a potentially double edged sword. Involuntary (non-self-determined solitude) is associated with loneliness, which is known to predict many forms of psychological ill-being. In contrast, freely chosen (self-determined solitude) is associated with healthy developmental outcomes. It is possible that cultural attitudes towards solitude could influence the way adolescents think about and engage in solitude. The present study examined whether South African adolescents from individualist and collectivist cultures differ in their motivations for solitude, using the Motivation for Solitude Scale (MSS-SF). Respondents included 426 adolescents from collectivist and 266 from individualist cultures, between 14 and 18 years of age (mean age?=?15.7). For valid cross-cultural comparisons, measurement equivalence was established using invariance and differential item functioning analysis. Results for the measurement invariance analysis (MI) marginally failed to support scalar invariance. Given criticism that MI is overly restrictive, Rasch analysis was used to test for uniform DIF, which supported invariance. Next, Bayesian analysis was used to investigate group differences. There was no difference between the cultural groups for non-self-determined solitude, but, adolescents from individualist cultures were less likely to engage in self-determined solitude. Results support the cross-cultural application of the MSS-SF, and point to a possible cultural bias against self-determined solitude in individualist cultures, despite its potential benefits.