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1.
Martin D. Coleman 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2011,30(4):345-354
The influence of specific emotions (guilt and revulsion) on the self-serving bias was investigated. Participants were recruited
from an undergraduate population. There were 360 participants (132 male) with a mean age of 19.41 years. Participants took
part in an online study, which involved taking a ten-question test, completing an emotional induction, receiving test feedback,
and making an attribution for test performance. Results revealed a significant effect of feedback (p < 0.001) indicating the self-serving bias. Results also revealed a significant effect of emotion over this self-serving bias.
Both guilty and revolted participants made less self-enhancing attributions for success (p = 0.04), and less self-protecting attributions for failure (p = 0.006). The hypothesis that the valence of specific emotions influences the self-serving bias was supported. No support
was found for the hypothesis that the appraisal dimensions of specific emotions influence the self-serving bias. Theoretical
and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Martin D. Coleman 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(2):121-134
The influence of prior, irretrievable, investment (sunk cost) on commitment to medical treatment was investigated. Three studies
were run investigating the influence of sunk cost in the form of money, time, and effort. A total of 637 participants (314
male) with a mean age of 19.58 years were recruited from an undergraduate population. A computer program simulated the process
of arranging a course of physiotherapy. Participants invested one of three amounts of sunk cost (under budget, on budget,
or over budget) into arranging sessions with a chiropractor. Participants then decided how much time they wished to commit
to these chiropractor sessions or to an alternative treatment with a better chance of success. Results revealed a significant
effect of invested money, a significant effect of invested effort, but no effect of invested time. Invested money produced
a sunk cost effect, while invested effort appeared to exert influence via cognitive dissonance. The implications for healthcare
decision-making are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Martin D. Coleman 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(4):346-356
The influence of prior, irretrievable, investment (sunk cost) on commitment to a course of education was investigated. The
moderating effects of the emotions of anger and fear over this commitment decision were also investigated. A total of 425
participants (214 male) with a mean age of 19.92 years were recruited from an undergraduate population. A computer program
simulated the process of arranging to undertake a course of education. Participants were induced to feel either anger or fear
and, then, invested one of three amounts of sunk cost (under budget, on budget, or over budget) to signing up for a course.
Participants then decided how much time they wished to commit to this course or to an alternative, identical course with a
better chance of success. Results revealed a significant sunk cost effect of prior investment on commitment to a course of
education. Results also revealed that anger increased the magnitude of this sunk cost effect. Results did not reveal any effect
of fear on the sunk cost effect. Theoretical implications and practical applications were discussed. 相似文献
4.
Molly M. Hurt Jaclyn A. Nelson Dixie L. Turner Megan E. Haines Laura R. Ramsey Mindy J. Erchull Miriam Liss 《Sex roles》2007,57(5-6):355-363
The goal of this study was to explore the relationships between feminism and clinical outcomes, such as eating attitudes,
depression, and self-esteem, employing structural equation modeling to look at indirect relationships. This study examined
female participants’ (N = 282) responses to an online survey measuring feminist self-identification, conformity to feminine norms, objectified body
consciousness, eating attitudes, depression, and self-esteem. Participants were recruited on two college campuses and through
online listservs. Feminist self-identification was related to rejecting the feminine norms of thinness, appearance, and the
importance of romantic relationships. Endorsing these norms was related to increased body surveillance and shame. Objectification
variables were related to negative clinical outcomes. Thus, feminism is a distal, rather than proximal, influence on clinical
variables. 相似文献
5.
Zoi Tsakogia George N. Lyrakos Dimitrios Damigos Venetsanos Mayreas Ioannis D. K. Dimoliatis 《Applied research in quality of life》2011,6(1):53-70
The purpose of this investigation was to study the influence of optimism in the quality of life of patients with musculoskeletal
problems that were referred to Amfilohia Rehabilitation Center, because of chronic pain and kinetic difficulties. The sample
consisted of 96 patients. The questionnaires that were used are the short form health questionnaire (12 questions; SF12),
the life orientation test-revised (LOT-R) and a VAS scale for pain measurement. According to the regression analysis performed,
dispositional optimism is an independent factor affecting both the physical (β = .249, p < .005) and mental composite score (β = .414, p < .0001) in patients with musculoskeletal problems, even after controlling for the effect of pain intensity. 相似文献
6.
The sunk cost effect is manifested in a tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment has been made. Arkes and Blumer (1985) showed that a sunk cost increases one's estimated probability that the endeavor will succeed [p(s)]. Is this p(s) increase a cause of the sunk cost effect, a consequence of the effect, or both? In Experiment 1 participants read a scenario in which a sunk cost was or was not present. Half of each group read what the precise p(s) of the project would be, thereby discouraging p(s) inflation. Nevertheless these participants manifested the sunk cost effect, suggesting p(s) inflation is not necessary for the effect to occur. In Experiment 2 participants gave p(s) estimates before or after the investment decision. The latter group manifested higher p(s), suggesting that the inflated estimate is a consequence of the decision to invest. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Karen E. Wain Wendy R. Uhlmann Judith Heidebrink J. Scott Roberts 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(3):239-251
Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) is an increasingly diagnosed condition and is associated with genetic risk factors.
This is one of the first studies exploring the lived experience of siblings of individuals with EOAD. We used structured questionnaires
and semi-structured interviews to assess a broad range of siblings’ experiences with and beliefs about EOAD, including knowledge,
perceptions of personal risk, level of worry, and effects on life decisions. Participants (n = 24) were predominantly female (62.5%) and middle-aged (mean = 56.8 years; range 37–83). When asked about risk factors,
genetics was cited most frequently (62.5%). Several potential means of reducing AD risk were endorsed, with 54% reporting
engagement in behaviors for this purpose (e.g., keeping mentally active). Participants ranged widely in their perceived personal
risk of AD (range: 0–100; mean = 35.6%), with higher perceived risk associated with worry about AD (p < 0.01). Understanding siblings’ experiences with EOAD can inform how genetic counselors and healthcare professionals work
with this population to facilitate risk communication and decision-making about testing and healthcare. 相似文献
8.
Mirka Hintsanen Markus Jokela Laura Pulkki-Råback Jorma S. A. Viikari Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(3):257-271
The current cross-sectional study examined whether body-mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio are associated with adult attachment.
Participants were 1,570 men and women participating in Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. BMI was measured in youth
and in adulthood and waist-hip ratio in adulthood. A single measure of attachment style was conducted when participants were
aged 24–39 years. In age and sex adjusted models, youth BMI (Beta = .066, p = .008), adulthood BMI (Beta = .069, p = .007) and waist-hip ratio (Beta = .082, p = .016) were associated with fearful attachment. The associations remained significant when education and relationship status
were adjusted for. Age adjusted association between adulthood waist-hip ratio and preoccupied attachment was found in men
(Beta = .132, p = .002). The association was not essentially changed by additionally adjusting for education and relationship status, and
including fearful attachment in the model. Furthermore, associations for attachment dimensions were also found. These results
suggest that in addition to previously reported negative effects of higher BMI on physical health, higher BMI might have negative
associations with psychological functioning as well. Furthermore, our results imply that physical appearance might be associated
with attachment style in adulthood. 相似文献
9.
10.
Margaret H. Sibley William E. Pelham Brooke S. G. Molina Elizabeth M. Gnagy Daniel A. Waschbusch Aparajita Biswas Michael G. MacLean Dara E. Babinski Kathryn M. Karch 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(1):21-32
This study examined the association between childhood ADHD and juvenile delinquency by examining data from the Pittsburgh
ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS), a follow-up study of individuals diagnosed with ADHD in childhood (ages 5–12) and recontacted
in adolescence and young adulthood for yearly follow-up (age at first follow-up interview M = 17.26, SD = 3.17). Participants were 288 males with childhood ADHD and 209 demographically similar males without ADHD who were recruited
into the follow-up study. Delinquency information gathered yearly during the second through eighth follow-up provided a comprehensive
history of juvenile delinquency for all participants. Four childhood diagnostic groups [ADHD-only (N = 47), ADHD + ODD (N = 135), ADHD + CD (N = 106), and comparison (N = 209)] were used to examine group differences on delinquency outcomes. Analyses were conducted across three dimensions of
delinquency (i.e., severity, age of initiation, and variety). Individuals with childhood ADHD + CD displayed significantly
worse delinquency outcomes than the other three groups, across almost all indices of offending. When compared to comparison
participants, boys with ADHD-only and ADHD + ODD in childhood displayed earlier ages of delinquency initiation, a greater
variety of offending, and higher prevalence of severe delinquency. These findings suggest that although childhood ADHD + CD
creates the greatest risk for delinquency, boys with ADHD-only and ADHD + ODD also appear at a higher risk for later offending.
The patterns of offending that emerged from the PALS are discussed in the context of the relationship between ADHD, comorbidity,
and delinquency. 相似文献
11.
The goal of this study was to examine the ability of friendship to moderate the association between behavioral risk and peer
victimization for girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 140) and comparison girls (n = 88) in a 5-week naturalistic summer camp setting. Participants were an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse group of
girls ages 6–12. Parents and teachers reported on pre-summer internalizing behavior, externalizing behavior, and social competence.
Participants reported on friendships and peer victimization through a peer report measure at the summer camps; friendship
was scored via mutual nominations. Pre-summer externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior, and low social competence predicted
peer victimization at the summer camps. Friendship moderated the association between behavioral risk and victimization for
the entire sample, such that the presence of at least one friend reduced the risk of victimization. Additional analyses suggested
that girls with ADHD were no more or less protected by the presence of a friendship than were comparison girls. Finally, preliminary
analyses suggested that girls having only friends with ADHD were not significantly less protected than girls with at least
one comparison friend. Future directions and implications for intervention are discussed. 相似文献
12.
沉没成本效应是指决策者的决策行为因受沉没成本影响而产生的一种非理性决策现象。针对这一决策偏差的产生根源,研究者从认知、动机和神经三个角度提出了解释。沉没成本效应的影响因素包括沉没成本特性、情境因素、个体差异和文化差异等。基于先前研究存在的问题和不足,沉没成本效应的未来研究应着眼于改进研究方法,探究产生根源,关注行为沉没成本和加强应用研究。 相似文献
13.
Parent–child interaction paradigms are often used to observe dysfunctional family processes; however, the influence of such
tasks on a participant’s level of activation remain unclear. The aim of this pilot project is to explore the stimulus value
of interaction paradigms that have been commonly used in child anxiety research. Twenty-nine parent–child dyads with clinically
anxious (n = 16) and non-anxious (n = 13) youths engaged in a series of tasks (threat and non-threat) used in previous studies of parenting and youth anxiety.
Heart rate (HR) data, as an indicator of physiological activation, were collected across tasks, and participants rated the
perceived representativeness of their interactions in the laboratory to their usual behavior at home. Significant HR changes
were observed for both parent and child. Change in child HR from baseline to non-threat task was smaller than change in HR
from baseline to threat tasks. Change in parent HR from baseline to ambiguous situations tasks was smaller than changes from
baseline to other threat tasks. Differences in HR change between anxious and non-anxious children were explored. Participants
rated laboratory interactions as similar to those experienced in the home. Results suggest that presumably emotionally-charged
discussion tasks may produce increased activation compared to tasks that were designed to be more neutral. Implications for
future research and limitations are discussed. 相似文献
14.
A prevalence-based cost-of-illness study using a societal perspective was conducted to investigate the cost-of-illness in
clinically anxious youth aged 8–18 in The Netherlands. Discriminant validity of the cost diary used was obtained by comparing
costs of families with an anxious child (n = 118) to costs of families from the general population (n = 41). To examine the convergent validity, bottom-up acquired costs derived from cost diaries were compared to top-down acquired
costs obtained from national registrations. Bottom-up acquired costs measured by means of cost diaries amounted to €2,748
per family of a clinically referred anxious child per annum. Societal costs of families with clinically anxious children were
almost 21 times as high compared to families from the general population. With respect to convergent validity, total health
care costs using the bottom-up approach from clinically anxious children were quite comparable to those of top-down data of
anxious children, although costs within the subcategories differed considerably. Clinical anxiety disorders in childhood cost
the Dutch society more than 20 million euros a year. Based on results of discriminate and convergent validity, the cost diary
seems a valid method in establishing cost-of-illness in childhood anxiety disorders. 相似文献
15.
Verbal coercion involves unwanted sexual penetration compelled by psychological pressure. It was hypothesized that, to the
degree that verbal coercion is seen as controllable, victims may be held more responsible. Two samples of US undergraduates
rated perceptions of hypothetical sexual coercion scenarios. In Study 1, participants (N = 120) read scenarios of either verbal coercion or rape by a male dating partner. Participants perceived verbal coercion
as more controllable than rape, which accounted for the greater responsibility attributed to verbal coercion victims. In Study
2, participants (N = 275) read scenarios involving either male-to-female or female-to-male verbal coercion. Participants perceived female-to-male
coercion as more controllable, which accounted for the greater responsibility attributed to a verbally coerced man. 相似文献
16.
Jesse M. Crosby Scott C. Bates Michael P. Twohig 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2011,30(2):117-129
A relationship between perfectionism and religiosity has been suggested in the literature, and this relationship is clarified
further when the adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of both constructs are compared. Literature in both areas implicates
the idea of a rigid and inflexible personality style that may explain why well meaning high standards can be associated with
negative outcomes such as perfectionism. This investigation examined the relationship of perfectionism and religiosity, using
adaptive and maladaptive dimensions, as mediated by psychological inflexibility. Validated measures of perfectionism, religiosity,
and psychological inflexibility were given to 376 undergraduate college students in an anonymous online survey. Adaptive perfectionism
(high standards) was found to be significantly correlated (r = .26, p < .01, two-tailed) with adaptive religiosity (intrinsic orientation). Maladaptive perfectionism (discrepancy) was found to
be significantly correlated (r = .13, p < .05, two-tailed) with maladaptive religiosity (extrinsic orientation). Psychological inflexibility was found to be significantly
correlated with the maladaptive dimensions of both perfectionism and religiosity. It was also shown to mediate the relationship
between maladaptive (extrinsic) religiosity and maladaptive (discrepancy) perfectionism. Implications and future directions
are discussed. 相似文献
17.
The sunk cost effect across species: A review of persistence in a course of action due to prior investment 下载免费PDF全文
Paula Magalhães K. Geoffrey White 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2016,105(3):339-361
The sunk cost effect is the bias or tendency to persist in a course of action due to prior investments of effort, money or time. At the time of the only review on the sunk cost effect across species (Arkes & Ayton, 1999), research with nonhuman animals had been ecological in its nature, and the findings about the effect of past investments on current choice were inconclusive. However, in the last decade a new line of experimental laboratory‐based research has emerged with the promise of revolutionizing the way we approach the study of the sunk cost effect in nonhumans. In the present review we challenge Arkes and Ayton's conclusion that the sunk cost effect is exclusive to humans, and describe evidence for the sunk cost effect in nonhuman animals. By doing so, we also challenge the current explanations for the sunk cost effect in humans, as they are not applicable to nonhumans. We argue that a unified theory is called for, because different independent variables, in particular, investment amount, have the same influence on the sunk cost effect across species. Finally, we suggest possible psychological mechanisms shared across different species, contrast and depreciation, that could explain the sunk cost effect. 相似文献
18.
E. Mark Cummings Christine E. Merrilees Alice C. Schermerhorn Marcie C. Goeke-Morey Peter Shirlow Ed Cairns 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(2):213-224
Links between political violence and children’s adjustment problems are well-documented. However, the mechanisms by which
political tension and sectarian violence relate to children’s well-being and development are little understood. This study
longitudinally examined children’s emotional security about community violence as a possible regulatory process in relations
between community discord and children’s adjustment problems. Families were selected from 18 working class neighborhoods in
Belfast, Northern Ireland. Participants (695 mothers and children, M = 12.17, SD = 1.82) were interviewed in their homes over three consecutive years. Findings supported the notion that politically-motivated
community violence has distinctive effects on children’s externalizing and internalizing problems through the mechanism of
increasing children’s emotional insecurity about community. Implications are considered for understanding relations between
political violence and child adjustment from a social ecological perspective. 相似文献
19.
The purpose of this study was to examine a model of factors that place psychiatrically hospitalized girls at risk for non-suicidal
self-injury (NSSI). The role of familial and peer interpersonal difficulties, as well as emotional dysregulation, were examined
in relationship to NSSI behaviors. Participants were 99 adolescent girls (83.2% Caucasian; M age = 16.08) admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Structural equation modeling indicated the primacy of emotional dysregulation
as an underlying process placing adolescents at risk for NSSI and mediating the influence of interpersonal problems through
the family and peer domains. When family and peer relationships were characterized by conflict and lack of support for managing
emotions, adolescents reported more dysregulated emotion processes. Family relational problems were directly and indirectly
related to NSSI through emotional dysregulation. The indirect processes of peer relational problems, through emotional dysregulation,
were significantly associated with NSSI frequency and severity. The findings suggest that the process by which interpersonal
difficulties contribute to NSSI is complex, and is at least partially dependent on the nature of the interpersonal problems
and emotion processes. 相似文献
20.
Vujanovic AA Bonn-Miller MO Potter CM Marshall EC Zvolensky MJ 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(1):129-135
The present investigation examined the incremental associations between distress tolerance, or the perceived capacity to tolerate
emotional distress, and global posttraumatic stress symptom severity as well as symptom cluster severity, beyond the variance
accounted for by number of trauma exposure types and negative affectivity. The sample consisted of 140 adults (72 women; M
age = 25.9, SD = 11.1) who endorsed exposure to traumatic life events, as defined by posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic criterion
A (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Participants did not meet diagnostic criteria for current axis I psychopathology. Distress tolerance demonstrated significant
incremental associations with global posttraumatic stress symptom severity (p < .01) as well as re-experiencing (p < .05), avoidance (p = .05), and hyperarousal (p < .001) symptom cluster severity. Given the cross-sectional study design, causation cannot be inferred. Theoretical implications
and future directions for better understanding associations between distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress are discussed. 相似文献