"心理学研究的中国化"学术研讨会纪要

改革开放20年来,中国社会发生了翻天覆地的变化,这种变化为中国心理学的发展提供了难得的机遇,同时也提出了严峻的挑战。在西方文化背景下建立的、针对西方人的心理与行为特点所建立的心理学,特别是人格与社会心理学的理论、概念和工具能否直接应用于中国文化和中国人已经成为一个无法回避的问题。至少在心理学的某些领域,西方的理论很显然不能适应中国的实际。以人力资源管理为例,现在国内的很多机构照搬西方的理论模式,     

谈心理学中的价值中立与价值负载

价值取向是心理学不可回避的一个问题。笔者从研究者的角度入手,阐述了价值中立与价值负载在哲学意义上的缘起和内涵;接下来从问题确定、方法选择、结果解释等方面结合具体的心理学理论和流派,对研究者的价值取向进行整理和研究;最后,理清了价值中立与价值负载的关系。研究者应该奉行适度的价值中立并坚持批判性的价值负载,尽可能地遵循心理现象的内在规律而减少主观干扰,从而不断接近价值中立状态以便促进心理学的有效发展。     

面向未来的理论心理学

理论应当是任何学科体系中的重要组成部分,是一个学科的基础。相应的,理论心理学也应当是心理学的基础和重要组成部分。然而在当下,心理学对于理论心理学缺乏重视,在这其中既有来自外部的原因也有来自理论心理学本身的问题。但总而言之,无论具体是何种原因,实际上都对理论心理学提出了更深层次的要求,即着眼当下,放眼未来。理论心理学对于当下的介入主要从两个方面展开:一是实时接收当代各思想话语的影响,用以武装整个心理学科并回应各思想话语提出的问题; 二是对当下心理学中的各具体问题进行理论层面的讨论,发现问题,指出问题并尝试解决问题。理论心理学要想在未来心理学的发展中大放异彩首先应当保持对当下的介入,只有这样才能凸显自身的价值与意义,并且为整个心理学的发展发光发热。     

论俄罗斯主体心理学的理论特征

主体心理学是俄罗斯心理学发展的新方向,其主要理论特征体现在:研究作为主体的人;强调主体积极性;具有鲜明的人文特征;注重对群体主体问题研究;关注社会问题;重视心理学的理论研究。     

积极心理学研究进展述评

本文阐述了积极心理学当前发展的状况,指出其发展过程中的四大问题:1、积极心理学的自身发展体系尚不健全,对于传统心理学各个流派的态度有待改进;2、积极心理学的理念和研究内容还有扩展的空间;3、积极心理学的应用还应该加深;4、积极心理学本土化的工作很多改善空间,并尝试性的提出了相应的解决方案。     

组织心理学的新进展

本文在大量的国内外文献的基础上 ,从六个方面系统地介绍了近十年来组织管理心理学的新进展 :激励问题研究、团队研究研究、领导行为研究、管理决策研究、组织文化研究、管理的跨文化研究。从中我们可以看到以下几个特点 :1从个体理论向整体组织理论扩展。 2在理论发展上 ,重视吸收认知心理学的研究成果。3在学科体系方面 ,更强调组织的动力学和人力资源的系统开发。4在研究领域方面 ,组织心理学也突破了传统的框架。工作业绩评估、管理决策、组织气氛和组织文化以及跨文化的比较研究 ,已成为组织心理学中的热门领域 ,共获得了有价值的研究成果。     

十年来中国心理学基本理论与心理学史研究的进展

(1)主要进展:有重点地开展了一系列基本理论问题的探讨;中国心理学史研究的成果丰硕;西方心理学的研究成果显著;苏联心理学的研究有所进展;潘菽心理学思想的研究有了良好的开端。 (2)几个主要理论问题的研究:心理学与辩证唯物主义哲学的关系;心理的实质;心理发展的矛盾和动力;心理与活动、实践的关系;意识与无意识;心理活动基本范畴的划分;个性;中国心理学史(如范畴、比较、继承、计量等问题的研究);西方心理学的评价(如对人本主义心理学、精神分析、皮亚杰发生认识论和认知心理学的评价)。 (3)今后努力的方向:自觉坚持辩证唯物主义哲学的指导;坚持理论联系实际的学风;大力加强中国心理学的研究;坚持博采众长、洋为中用的方针;进一步提高基本理论工作者的素质。     

人格心理学中的需求理论研究

需求问题一个性心理学的核心问题。个体需求的研究,一直是人格心理学中最诱人的课题之一。到现在为止,已有的各种理论,按它们对需求认识的范围和深度的不同,可分为四大体系:“本能需求理论”;“社会——文化需求理论”;“生物——社会——文化需求理论”;“系统需求理论”。     

人事测评效度验证的多方法途径

本文围绕我国人事测评研究与应用中存在的方法论问题,结合人事心理学理论与方法的最新发展,讨论了人事测评效度验证的若干模型与具体方法。文章在此基础上提出了人事测评效度验证的多方法途径及其对人力资源管理的意义。     

《文心雕龙》创作论的若干心理学考察

《文心雕龙》这部探讨“为文之用心”的古代文论名著,在有关创作理论的许多篇章里,对反映在作品里的作家的艺术想象、情感表现、语言功能问题,都有所论述。这些问题也都是心理学研究领域里涉及的问题。本文试图就这些问题进行若干心理学的考察,目的是希望从科学的角度探索《文心雕龙》的创作理论究竟应该肯定哪些,扬弃哪些,以期有助于研究、建立具有我国民族特点和民族风格的社会主义科学文论体系。     

伦理导向人力资源管理实践的跨层次作用机制:基于社会情境与社会认知理论

伦理 ¹( ¹ 与组织管理领域的常规做法一致, 本文将伦理与道德看作同义概念, 交替使用。)危机给企业经营带来巨大挑战, 现有文献较多关注微观视角的伦理行为, 缺乏从中观视角对人力资源管理制度开展研究, 导致在实践上无法形成有效的制度化抓手。人力资源管理实践作为中观视角的企业伦理实践之一, 正是针对伦理问题的有效回应。立足于人力资源管理与企业伦理领域的交叉点, 从三个方面构建伦理导向人力资源管理实践的研究框架:(1)基于社会情境理论探讨伦理导向人力资源管理实践对组织伦理绩效的影响机制; (2)基于社会认知理论探讨伦理导向人力资源管理实践对团队伦理建言的跨层次影响机制; (3)基于社会认知理论探讨伦理导向人力资源管理实践对个体伦理建言的跨层次影响机制。研究将丰富人力资源管理理论, 并为企业有效实施伦理导向人力资源管理实践提供启示与帮助。     

Ethically Allocating COVID-19 Drugs Via Pre-approval Access and Emergency Use Authorization

Abstract

Allocating access to unapproved COVID-19 drugs available via Pre-Approval Access pathways or Emergency Use Authorization raises unique challenges at the intersection of clinical care and research. In conditions of scarcity, prioritization approaches should minimize harm, maximize benefit, and promote fairness. To promote continued data collection, patients seeking access to unproven COVID-19 drugs should receive lower priority for allocation when they decline to participate in clinical trials, either of the requested drug or other investigational products, offering a comparable balance of risks and benefits; special attention should be paid to concerns of voluntariness and distrust. In addition, institutional treatment protocols that can contribute more robust real world data should be preferred to single patient requests for access, with priority for inclusion based on traditional clinical allocation criteria relying on available evidence. Fairness demands distribution of these protocols across a diverse range of sites, particularly those serving marginalized populations, among other protections.     

循证医学与人文关怀

本文从循证医学发展和应用过程的角度分析了循证医学所包涵的人文精神和人文关怀。文章介绍了循证医学的人文底蕴,针对医学实践中人文关怀的缺失,着重探讨了循证医学的发展对医学人文关怀内涵的丰富和发展。文章最后就怎样在循证医学的实践中更好地实现人文关怀提出几点建议。     

Rejecting Technology: A Normative Defense of Fallible Officiating

There is a growing consensus in both academic and popular reflections on sport that if the accuracy of officiating can be improved by technology, then such assistance ought to be introduced. Indeed, apart from certain practical concerns about technologizing officiating there are few normative objections, and those that are voiced are often poorly articulated and quickly dismissed by critics. In this paper, we take up one of these objections – what is referred to as the loss of the human element in sport – and try to provide a firmer foundation for the disquiet that some feel at the threat of its loss. Briefly, it is argued that the cost of trying to eliminate all error in officiating through technological means is an understanding of sport as a practice through which human beings can reconcile themselves with the fallibilities and contingencies of life, in a forum where such losses can safely be experienced. After considering both practical and normative counter-arguments against the implementation of technology to correct officiating errors, we offer an argument that fallible officiating should be seen as desirable and that an attitude in sport that seeks to eliminate all wrong decision-making in officiating should be discouraged.     

Human rights and applied psychology

Applied and community psychology necessarily involves the consideration of human rights issues. The problems experienced by many of the clients of applied psychologists result from human rights abuses, the provisions of the Human Rights Act (1998) relate to the everyday practice of applied and community psychologists, and psychologists have a distinctive perspective on human rights. For psychologists, human rights reflect formalized systems for ensuring that people's basic needs are satisfied. Declarations of human rights and legal provisions therefore represent, for psychologists, codifications of how we collectively understand our relationships and social obligations. It is therefore argued that psychologists should positively advocate for the application of psychological science to these issues. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development ethics – Why? What? How? A formulation of the field

The paper assesses the rationale, contributions, structure, and challenges of the field of development ethics. Processes of social and economic transformation involve great risks and costs and great opportunities for gain, but the benefits, costs, and risks are typically hugely unevenly and inequitably distributed, as is participation in specifying what they are and their relative importance. The ethics of development examines the benefits, costs, risks, formulations, participation, and options. The paper outlines a series of ways of characterizing such work, arguments for and against its importance, and some of its major sources and contributions, especially from the interdisciplinary stream of work represented over several decades by Denis Goulet. Definitions are diverse since the work covers many different intersections of practice and theorizing, at multiple levels. The paper considers and replies to arguments against discussing development ethics: the claim that it involves only endless proliferation of different opinions, is an expensive luxury that undermines long-run development, is superfluous if one already works with the capability approach or the human rights tradition, or never has influence. Finally, it presents suggestions for how development ethics thinking can have increased impact, with reference to incorporation in policy analysis and planning methods, professional codes and training, and to its intellectual location and communication strategies. The field should articulate the methodological pragmatism which much of it has adopted, consistent with its required role as a practice-oriented interdisciplinary meeting ground.     

A future for community psychology practice

Community psychology has never really looked at its practice as a profession, though many of us as students came to the field with high expectations that we could learn how to make a difference in communities. This article discussed what I think about community psychology practice and how I have tried to approach it. I thank and recognize several people: Paul Florin for his colleagueship, friendship and his contributions to what I have done in the field; Tom Wolff for never letting me give up on the field; Bob Newbrough for his consistent support, encouragement and as my teacher; and Julian Rappaport for his comments on an earlier draft. I thank my colleagues at Rutgers for helping make the dream come true. This article is dedicated to students, past, present, and future.     

Does Respect for Embryos Entail Respect for Gametes?

Respect for human embryos is often defended on the basis of the potentiality argument: embryos deserve respect because they already possess potentially the features that in adults are fully actualized. Opponents of this argument challenge it by claiming that if embryos should be respected because they are potentially adults, then gametes should be respected because they are potentially embryos. This article rejects this reductio ad absurdum argument by showing that there are two different types of potentiality involved so that the transitivity of potentiality does not hold up in this case. Respect for embryos does not logically entail respect for gametes.     

Oliva Sabuco de Nantes and her Nueva Filosofia: a new philosophy of human nature and the interaction between mind and body

ABSTRACT

The main objective of the New Philosophy was to ‘improve the lives of people and nations in part by improving medical practice’. To this end, Oliva Sabuco sought to improve humankind's knowledge of the philosophical underpinnings of medicine while taking experiential practices into account. She suggested that a variety of procedures (pharmaceutical, emotional and therapeutic) should be adopted to maintain and restore harmony between the mind and body. Oliva Sabuco sought to promote health and prevent disease by expanding our knowledge of the interrelationship between mind and body; the ultimate goal was to understand the body's function and form in order to promote inner harmony and thus health. The influence of classical traditions in moral and natural philosophy, medicine, and cosmography is unmistakable in Oliva Sabuco's text, yet she synthesized these traditions, disagreed with fundamental aspects of them, and transformed them in a holistic philosophy of human nature that is part of a larger view of the cosmos and mankind's place in it.