经济态度和行为的代际传递现象及机制

经济态度和行为存在从父母向孩子的代际传递现象, 经济态度代际传递的研究内容较为广泛, 包括金钱态度、风险态度、互惠态度和消费态度, 经济行为代际传递的研究主要集中在消费行为、捐赠行为和储蓄行为三个方面。除了遗传路径, 其代际传递有两条社会化路径: 孩子对父母的观察学习和亲子互动, 其中亲子互动包含亲子沟通和财务教养两个层面, 亲子沟通强调语言层面的互动, 而财务教养强调行为层面的互动, 但是财务教养的研究仅停留在表面, 缺乏深入的剖析。未来需要加强中国文化和现实背景下的代际传递现象研究, 并深入探讨其机制。     

Angry and aggressive behavior across three generations: a prospective,longitudinal study of parents and children

This investigation examined intergenerational continuities in both angry, aggressive parenting and also the angry, aggressive behavior of children and adolescents. Data from 75 G2 youth (26 men, 49 women, M = 22-years old), their mothers (G1), and their G3 children (47 boys, 28 girls, M = 2.4-years old) were included in the analyses. The prospective, longitudinal design of the study, which included observational and multiinformant measures, overcame many of the methodological limitations found in much of the earlier research on intergenerational transmission. The results demonstrated a direct connection between observed G1 aggressive parenting and observed G2 aggressive parenting from 5 to 7 years later. G2 aggressive behavior as an adolescent and G3 aggressive behavior as a child were related to parenting behavior but not directly to one another. The results were consistent with a social learning perspective on intergenerational continuities in angry and aggressive behaviors.     

Studying intergenerational transmission of eating attitudes and behaviors: methodological and conceptual questions.

Associations between parent and child attitudes and behaviors related to eating and weight were examined among college-age men and women and their mothers and fathers (ns = 44, 47, 87, and 66, respectively). Parent attitudes and behaviors were assessed from the perspective of the parent and the student, and 2 pathways of influence were examined: modeling and direct criticism. In general, students' attitudes and behaviors were more strongly related to perceptions of their parents rather than to parents' own self-reports. There was more support for perceived direct criticism as a pathway of influence, particularly for daughters. Perceived criticism about eating and appearance had large associations with student attitudes and behaviors. Weight loss behavior was related to perceived criticism among daughters and to perceived paternal eating attitudes among sons. Results highlight important methodological and conceptual questions for intergenerational research.     

Maternal Trauma and Children’s Functioning: The Role of Kinship Social Support

Although research has documented the detrimental effects of maternal trauma on child behavior (Lambert, Holzer, & Hasbun, 2014), the role of extended family support in potentially mitigating the effects of intergenerational transmission of trauma is not clearly understood. With a diverse community sample of 52 trauma-exposed mothers and their children between the ages of 7 and 12, we investigated relationships between kinship social support, maternal trauma exposure severity, maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, and child behavioral problems. Results showed that kinship social support was negatively related to maternal trauma exposure severity, maternal PTSD symptom severity, child internalizing behaviors, and child externalizing behaviors. Additionally, kinship social support moderated the relationship between maternal trauma exposure severity and child internalizing behaviors. These results have implications in the implementation of interventions aimed at supporting diverse families facing trauma that incorporate extended family networks.     

进化心理学视角下母亲教养行为的代际传承性研究

采用问卷法,从生命史理论的角度探讨母亲教养行为的代价传递性。研究问题一显示,童年期家庭环境的艰苦性和不可预测性不能预测个体成年后的生命史策略,原生家庭母亲的专制型教养方式通过焦虑型依恋行为的中介作用可以间接地负向预测成年女儿的生命史慢策略,原生家庭母亲的民主型教养方式可以直接预测成年女儿的生命史慢策略;研究问题二显示,生命史慢策略在原生家庭母亲的民主型教养行为和成年女儿的合作型协同教养行为之间起着完全中介作用。     

风险偏好可以代际传递吗?——来自多学科的证据与元理论思考

心理学、行为与实验经济学、经济社会学等多学科研究逐渐证实了风险偏好的内生性、异质性以及社会性。在探讨经济地位、态度、决策行为等代际传递时,上述学科高度关注和利用风险偏好的上述属性,证实了风险偏好代际传递的有限存在。从风险偏好代际传递的内涵、外延、机制和内容等方面看,风险偏好的研究表现出从横向维度到纵向维度、从因变量到自变量的转向,同时风险偏好代际传递的具体机制和内容也取得了一些重要研究成果。但在研究数量、研究框架、研究方法与内容等方面,风险偏好代际传递还存在一定局限,有待后续研究充实完善。     

Unpacking Links between Fathers’ Antisocial Behaviors and Children’s Behavior Problems: Direct,Indirect, and Interactive Effects

Building upon previous evidence for the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behaviors, this research assessed and compared three models seeking to explain links between fathers’ antisocial behaviors and children’s behavior problems. A representative sample of children from low-income families (N?=?261) was followed from age 3 through age 9. Lagged OLS regression models assessed both short-term (1½?years) and longer-term (5½?years) prospective links between fathers’ antisocial behaviors and children’s behavior problems. Results supported a direct effects model: fathers’ antisocial behaviors predicted growth in children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, with links stronger among resident-father families. Limited evidence of indirect effects emerged, with links between fathers’ antisocial behaviors and children’s behavior problems only slightly attenuated controlling for related risk factors and for parenting quality, showing limited evidence of mediation. A new interactive model was proposed and supported, with high levels of harsh discipline exacerbating negative links between fathers’ antisocial behaviors and children’s internalizing problems. Results suggest caution in policies and programs which seek to universally increase marriage or father involvement without attention to fathers’ behaviors.     

Intergenerational Relations and Family Therapy Research'' What We Can Learn from Other Disciplines

Although there are a number of theories regarding intergenerational relations within the family therapy field, few of these theories have been empirically examined. Indeed, intergenerational family research is in its infancy in the family therapy world. This article explores the literature on intergenerational relations within the sociological and psychosociological disciplines in order to understand what is known, and how this information could assist family therapy researchers interested in developing systematic studies of intergenerational relations for the family therapy field.     

传承动机对金融冒险行为的影响:未来自我连续性的中介

人们普遍拥有“期待不朽、被人铭记”的传承动机, 文章通过4个实验探讨了该动机如何通过未来自我连续性的影响作用于个体的金融冒险行为。实验1发现传承动机能够提升个体对未来自我的连续性感知。实验2在此基础上发现传承动机会弱化个体金融冒险行为(2a), 并且该效应被自我连续性感知中介(2b)。实验3进一步考察个体社会经济地位对上述中介效应的调节, 结果发现上述中介效应只出现在社会经济地位相对较高(vs.较低)的个体身上。     

A Model of Depression in Adult Children of Alcoholics and Nonalcoholics

This study investigated the relationships between levels of depression in a sample of adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) and non‐ACOAs and patterns of parental drinking behaviors, intergenerational family interactions, attachment behaviors, and self‐esteem. Drinking behaviors directly influenced family processes and indirectly influenced self‐esteem but did not influence depression. An angry/violent drinking style influenced family processes and attachment styles supporting the hypothesis that certain drinking behaviors disrupt family functioning. The findings contribute to explanations of resilience in ACOAs; ACOAs termed as resilient might have been exposed to a less violent drinking style with resultant healthier familial interactions and adult attachments.     

Linked lives: the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior

There is a strong assumption of intergenerational continuity in behavior patterns, including antisocial behavior. Using a 3-generation, prospective study design, we examine the level of behavioral continuity between Generation 2 (G2) and Generation 3 (G3), and the role of economic disadvantage and parenting behaviors as mediating links. We estimate separate models for G2 fathers and G2 mothers. Data are drawn from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study begun in 1988 during G2's early adolescence (n = 1,000), which has collected prospective data on G2, their parents (G1), and now their G3 children. Results show that intergenerational continuity in antisocial behavior is evident, albeit somewhat modest. Parenting styles and financial stress do play a mediating role, although their effects vary by G2's gender. In general, adolescent delinquency plays a larger role in linking the generations for G2 fathers, whereas parenting behaviors and financial stress play a larger role for G2 mothers.     

Parenting behaviors of women who were sexually abused as children in their families of origin.

This research explored links between a childhood history of family sexual abuse and current parenting behaviors of mothers of school-age children, using observations of family interaction and interviews with the mothers. Videotaped family interaction tasks, analyzed with Benjamin's Structural Analysis of Social Behavior, showed that women who had been sexually abused in their childhood families were more self-focused, rather than child-focused, compared to nonabused women. In interviews, the women who had been abused gave strong evidence of greater reliance on their children for emotional support. These findings lend support to theoretical and clinical impressions of highly permeable intergenerational boundaries, including parent-child role reversal, in family systems marked by child sexual abuse, even when the abuse occurred in the previous generation.     

父母与青少年的信任水平及代际传递

以往研究指出,人际信任有其家庭根源。本研究以198个家庭中的青少年及其父母为研究对象,采用投资博弈任务测量子女及其父母的信任水平,考察他们的信任水平的特点及父母和子女之间是否存在信任的代际传递现象。研究结果发现:(1)青少年男生的信任水平稍高于女生,父亲的信任水平高于母亲;(2)父亲和母亲的信任水平都不能预测女生的信任水平;但父亲信任水平能线性预测其儿子的信任;母亲与儿子的信任水平则呈倒U型曲线关系。本研究结果证实了信任存在代际传递的现象,并揭示了父母角色及子女性别在信任代际传递中的调节作用,对于进一步理解信任在家庭内的传递过程有启发意义。     

An inconvenienced youth? Ageism and its potential intergenerational roots

Age is the only social category identifying subgroups that everyone may eventually join. Despite this and despite the well-known growth of the older population, age-based prejudice remains an understudied topic in social psychology. This article systematically reviews the literature on ageism, highlighting extant research on its consequences and theoretical perspectives on its causes. We then identify a crucial gap in the literature, potential intergenerational tensions, speculating how a growing-older population-and society's efforts to accommodate it-might stoke intergenerational fires, particularly among the younger generation. Presenting both sides of this incipient issue, we review relevant empirical work that introduces reasons for both optimism and pessimism concerning intergenerational relations within an aging society. We conclude by suggesting future avenues for ageism research, emphasizing the importance of understanding forthcoming intergenerational dynamics for the benefit of the field and broader society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).     

Personal and intergenerational narratives in relation to adolescents' well-being

Narratives of the self are embedded within families in which narrative interaction is a common practice. Especially in adolescence, when issues of identity and emotional regulation become key, narratives provide frameworks for understating self and emotion. The authors' research on family narratives suggests that adolescents' personal narratives are at least partly shaped by intergenerational narratives about their parents' childhoods. Both personal and intergenerational narratives emerge frequently in typical family dinner conversations, and these narratives reflect gendered ways of being in the world. Adolescents who tell intergenerational narratives that are rich in intergenerational connections and perspective-taking show higher levels of well-being. These findings suggest that individual narrative selves are created within families and across generations.     

Advancing our understanding of intergenerational continuity in antisocial behavior

This commentary reviews the major findings of this set of 4 papers on intergenerational continuity in antisocial behavior; it identifies strengths and remaining challenges, and discusses potential policy implications of the research. As a group, these researchers have raised the methodological bar for future work in this area, using prospective designs with multiple informants and methods to test the influences of G2 parenting and adolescent antisocial behavior in mediating continuity between G1 parenting and G3 early disruptive behavior. The pattern of findings is discussed with respect to gender of G2 and social context. The inherent challenges of conducting intergenerational research are also highlighted, within the context of offering recommendations for improving future intergenerational investigations and their feasibility.     

父母心理攻击：代际传递与配偶对代际传递的调节作用

作为一种常见的父母严厉管教方式, 父母心理攻击是指父母通过言语的或象征性的攻击行为对儿童实施的心理上或情感上的拒绝。国外研究表明, 父母严厉管教表现出代际传递效应。选取793名小学生父母为被试, 采用问卷调查法考察中国文化背景下父母心理攻击的代际传递效应以及配偶对代际传递的调节作用。结果表明：(1)母亲对男孩实施心理攻击的普遍性和频繁性显著高于女孩。(2)父母的心理攻击均具有显著的代际传递效应。(3)父亲对儿童实施的心理攻击对母亲心理攻击的代际传递具有调节作用, 母亲心理攻击的代际传递性随着父亲心理攻击水平的增高而降低。     

Intergenerational Transmission of Risks for Problem Behavior

The intergenerational transmission of risk factors for problem behaviors was examined across three generations. Two hundred fifty-four 2-year-old toddlers, one or two of their parents, and one grandmother of each toddler were studied. Grandmothers and parents were individually interviewed. Data were analyzed for the male and female toddlers combined. Correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. Findings indicate that the grandmother–parent relationship, parental personality attributes, marital harmony, and drug use and the parent–toddler relationship, predict the toddlers' behavior. The investigation provides evidence for a longitudinal, intergenerational process whereby the grandmother–parent relationship and the parents' personality and behavioral attributes are transmitted across generations through their association with the parent–child relationship.     

Intergenerational transmission: The individuation process and the capacity for intimacy of adult children of holocaust survivors

This article deals with the intergenerational processes of adult children of Holocaust surviors. By exploring their level of individuation from the parental family and their capacity for intimacy with spouses, the research findings reveal that: Adult children of survivors are emotionally more interconnected to their parents than are their counterparts (using the MIS). Adult children of survivors have a lower intimacy capacity with their spouses in comparison with the control group. These findings are explained from an intergenerational perspective regarding a post-traumatic population.Received PhD from University of Wisconsin-Madison. Current research in the individuation process throughout adulthood, and the post-traumatic effect of Holocaust survivors.