Some Aspects of Developmental Guidance Within an Existential Context

In this paper developmental guidance and existentialism are viewed as parallel but relatively independent modes of thought. The major theoretical dimensions of developmental guidance are summarized and a brief comparison between developmental guidance and existentialism is made. Certain aspects of existential thought are related to some principles of developmental guidance. Existentialism can provide an idiographic dimension to the fundamentally nomothetic theoretical orientation of developmental guidance by complementing an objective understanding of the individual with a subjective understanding.     

Some Developmental Aspects of Primary Process Manifestations in the Rorschach

A group of 27 male subjects were administered the Rorschach at ages 14 and 24. The protocols were scored for the main categories of the Holt Primary Process scoring system. A comparison of the two age groups indicates that at age 24 there is a decrease in the percentage of primary process responses and an increase in “adaptive regression.” Individual differences for all the primary process scoring categories remained highly consistent for the 10-year period spanned by the data. Adaptive regression was found to be significantly correlated with IQ, field independence (RFT), and Rorschach ratings of intellectualization at both ages. The results were viewed as suggesting that primary process manifestations on the Rorschach seem to be mediated by stable aspects of an individual's cognitive abilities and cognitive style.     

学前儿童朴素情绪理论的发展

对情绪的心理层面的理解是幼儿心理理论发展中出现得相对较迟的能力, 他们如何通过愿望和信念等不同的心理状态对人们的情绪做出判断？随着年龄的增长, 他们采用不同策略推测情绪的能力又发生了什么变化？本研究结合主人公愿望是否得到满足的状态, 通过利用图片故事个别测查的方法探查了90名3~5岁学前儿童在“内容错误信念”任务中对他人情绪的推测。结果显示, 年幼儿童、尤其是3岁幼儿的高兴情绪理解受其对情境是否满足愿望的认知的影响, 呈现出显著的“积极情绪偏差效应”; 学前儿童对情绪的认知表现出从不能采用信念—愿望策略到错误地采用信念—愿望策略、到正确采用信念—愿望策略的发展模式, 且其基于信念的情绪理解在一定程度上呈现出落后于其错误信念理解的“滞后效应”。结果还显示幼儿的惊奇情绪判断不仅由信念成分决定, 也受愿望理解的影响。这些结果突显出心理状态在儿童情绪理解中的重要作用, 揭示出学前儿童相对完整的朴素情绪理论发展模式。     

幼儿加减法运算中的策略发展特点

本研究随机选取北京市三所普通幼儿园小、中、大班儿童共90名,采用实物操作的非言语任务,考察3-5岁幼儿在加减法运算中的策略发展特点。结果表明:随着年龄的增长,儿童使用的策略由模仿、交换向内化、相反数策略转化;3、4岁幼儿在相反数题中,更多使用模仿和交换策略,而5岁幼儿更多使用模仿、相反数策略;在标准型题中,儿童一般较多使用模仿和内化策略;最大表征对儿童策略选择存在影响。     

Poverty and Single Parenting: Relations with Preschoolers' Cortisol and Effortful Control

Poverty and single parent status, which often co‐occur, have been shown to relate to lower effortful control, and this may be in part due to disruptions in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Both poverty and single parent status may compromise parenting, which in turn may disrupt HPA axis activity and the development of effortful control. We examined whether parenting and HPA axis activity accounted for the effects of poverty and single parent status on the development of effortful control in preschool children (N = 78). Effortful control was measured at two time points, 6 months apart. Individually, poverty and single parent status were related to blunted HPA axis activity, characterized by low AM and PM cortisol. However, when examined together, the effects were present only for preschoolers whose parents were in poverty. Parental warmth and negativity accounted for the relations between poverty and blunted cortisol. Blunted cortisol was related to lower effortful control at Time 2. These results suggest a pathway through which poverty may impact children's developing effortful control through parenting, which in turn may shape HPA axis activity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cognitive Aspects of Social Failure: Some Implications for Social-Skills Training

It is argued that negative self-beliefs and other irrational thoughts are a central and neglected component in explaining the failure of many clients to benefit from social-skills training. Evidence is reviewed showing that clients suffering various neurotic disorders tend to negatively distort feedback about others' reactions and their own performance in such a way as to bolster negative self-evaluation, and that this in turn inhibits and in other ways interferes with social performance. These negative self-evaluations may also interfere with training objectives, particularly durability and generalisation of new skills. Ways of changing self-beliefs are suggested, and various aspects of cognitive therapy and rational-emotive therapy are recommended as solutions to these problems.     

Some Implications of Recent Research in Social and Developmental Psychology for Counseling Practice

Blocher sees four implications for counseling as a result of the additions to research and theory building of social, developmental, and general psychology. From social influence theory, from cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and developmental research (and their hyphenated combinations) he offers a prototype “systematic eclectic” task-model directed toward implications (1) counseling is a social influence process, (2) counseling centers on the client's cognitive activity, (3) a major variable in the outcome of counseling is the level of the client's cognitive development, and (4) counselors may need intervention programs to raise cognitive levels.     

Some Aspects of Group Dynamics

The authors examine the nature of the relationship between the group members and the group therapist and discuss the reasons underlying therapeutic frame failure. It is argued that competing viewpoints concerning the nature of the therapeutic relationship in group therapy have eventuated in problems in articulating a generally accepted frame definition. The authors propose a formulation of the frame for long-term groups that embraces therapist anonymity, total confidentiality, and neutrality. Finally, instances of frame violation are viewed as stemming from the therapist's need for objects, the attempt to forestall various types of transference, and the need to provide an avenue for the therapist's narcissism. Clinical material is used to illustrate group members' responses to therapist-induced frame failures.     

Learning from their Mistakes: Some Implications of International Relations Scholarship for the Study of Religion

The ‘resurgence’ of religion in global affairs has precipitated a new interest in sectors that have traditionally marginalised religion, exposing the pervasive influence of secularisation theory in the way religion is conceived. Increasingly cognizant of the limitations of their own intellectual heritage, political scientists have developed a number of new and fruitful approaches to religion. I argue that scholars of religion have much to gain from engaging with international relations theorists, in particular from an emerging trend to consider what religion does rather than what religion is. Combining insights from international relations theory and security studies with an analysis of the functional similarities between religion and security, I outline a new direction for the study of religion, suggesting that renewed attention should be paid both to functional accounts of religion and to its role as a system of social differentiation, orientation, and action.     

COPD病理机制的认识进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一个古老的疾病,构成人类严重的疾病负担.随着医学的进步,近50年COPD的概念不断演化,病因机制得到进一步的揭示,其中感染发挥重要作用,目前趋向性地认为COPD是一种多脏器的疾病,涉及肌肉功能障碍、营养不良、能量代谢异常等,同时也涉及严重的心理的紊乱.     

Some Aspects of Loneliness in Families

Although awareness of the harmful effects of loneliness has increased in recent years, lonely persons continue to be viewed as family outsiders or nonfamily. Beginning with the general-systems concept of loneliness as having a healthy, adaptive function in families, this article explores the family context of different degrees of loneliness. It assumes that prolonged loneliness (in addition to its meaning for the individual system) is a manifestation of certain kinds of family processes. Five such processes involved in the prolonging of loneliness are suggested: unresolved grief, pathological certainty, synchronicity, family expansion, and parental abdication.     

COPD病理机制的认识进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一个古老的疾病,构成人类严重的疾病负担。随着医学的进步,近50年COPD的概念不断演化,病因机制得到进一步的揭示,其中感染发挥重要作用,目前趋向性地认为COPD是一种多脏器的疾病,涉及肌肉功能障碍、营养不良、能量代谢异常等,同时也涉及严重的心理的紊乱。     

围绕ICU的几个问题的思考

ICU是现代医学中的新兴事物,发挥着重要作用,但是围绕ICU方方面面问题,无论是业界还是公众还有许多争论及认识上的误区,有待研究探讨,比如ICU是否是一个真正意义上的独立学科?ICU的业态形式?ICU一定是高投入高装备吗?ICU注定是高消费?ICU有人文伦理缺失的特权吗?本文试图对这些问题给予一点作者的观察和己见.     

围绕ICU的几个问题的思考

ICU是现代医学中的新兴事物,发挥着重要作用,但是围绕ICU方方面面问题,无论是业界还是公众还有许多争论及认识上的误区,有待研究探讨,比如ICU是否是一个真正意义上的独立学科?ICU的业态形式?ICU一定是高投入高装备吗?ICU注定是高消费?ICU有人文伦理缺失的特权吗?本文试图对这些问题给予一点作者的观察和己见。     

Some Aspects of Polyadic Inductive Logic

We give a brief account of some de Finetti style representation theorems for probability functions satisfying Spectrum Exchangeability in Polyadic Inductive Logic, together with applications to Non-splitting, Language Invariance, extensions with Equality and Instantial Relevance.     

Wellbeing through Self-Fulfilment: Examining Developmental Aspects of Self-Actualization

Self-actualization is described as an individual's expression of their full potential and a desire for self-fulfilment. It is the leading need in Maslow's hierarchical motivation theory (Maslow, 1943 Maslow , A. H. ( 1943 ). Conflict, frustration, and the theory of threat . Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology , 38 , 81 – 86 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) which does not specify an age range for each level, believing that individuals progress through the hierarchy at different rates. However, he recognises older adults are more likely than young adults to be concerned with higher motivation (Maslow, 1970 Maslow , A. H. ( 1970 ). Motivation and personality . New York : Harper & Row . [Google Scholar]). Previous work has revealed that people over the age of 36 have a tendency to be concerned with higher motives and people under this age with lower motives (Reiss & Havercamp, 2005 Reiss , S. , & Havercamp , S. M. ( 2005 ). Motivation in a developmental context: A new method for studying self-actualization . Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 45 , 41 – 53 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). This study looks at the influence of age on the level of self-actualization and discovered that on 8 out of the 12 Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) scales, participants over the age of 36 showed higher levels of self-actualization than participants under the age of 36. These results indicate the relevance of developmental issues in this matter and back up the hypothesis that there is a relationship between one's age and levels of self-actualization. However, results also showed a degree of overlap of self-actualization scores across age groups, suggesting further research may find other important factors, beyond age, which have a relationship with self-actualization.