细胞凋亡与疾病的治疗

２０年前,人们就开始注意细胞凋亡现象,但由于当时人们细胞信号传导及真核基因调控所知甚少,因此只能孤立地看待“细胞凋亡”,２０年后,人们重新认识“细胞凋亡”发现它是一种生理性死亡,是通过一种细胞固有的ＤＮＡ编码的自杀程序,系统思维方法,使人们将凋亡与当今疾病的治疗联系起来,科学家们一方面通过诱导细胞凋亡来达到治疗肿瘤目的,另一方面又通过阻止这种细胞凋亡来治疗艾滋病,我们从中看到事物的辨证统一,充分体     

凋亡机制研究的认识方法

细胞凋亡及其研究简况 :细胞凋亡 (ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ)又称编程性死亡 ,属生理性死亡 ,是生物界广泛存在的重要生命现象之一[1] 。从线虫至高等哺乳类动物 ,从胚胎至成人 ,从生理到病理 ,从生到死整个过程 ,体内不同的细胞多具有此种死亡形成。1　凋亡指标研究的系统性凋亡机制的研究中充分体现了认识的系统性 ,肿瘤发生中凋亡机制的研究表明 ,凋亡机制是有机联系的整体 ,凋亡的发生和发展可概括为 3个阶段[2 ] :信号传递阶段 ,中央调控阶段和结构改变阶段。 (1)信号传递阶段 :诱导凋亡的细胞外因素众多 ,进入细胞内需经信号传递阶段。各种…     

生存,还是死亡——从细胞凋亡看矛盾的对立统一

世界是矛盾的统一体 ,平衡与稳定是万事万物存在的基本形式 ,而协同与拮抗作用是实现统一的重要手段。生态系统各成员间及其与环境间相互依存、相互制约 ,才能保持稳定状态。生物个体的死亡是整个生物群体生存发展的要求。同样 ,构成生物体的细胞也必须经历正常的死亡过程才能保证生物体的生长发育。这种死亡即程序性细胞死亡。由于大多数细胞的程序性死亡在形态上呈现典型的细胞凋亡特征 ,不少人已将细胞凋亡作为程序性细胞死亡的同义语。1　细胞生与死的矛盾维护着机体的正常功能细胞凋亡在多细胞生物的组织分化、器官发育和机体稳态的维…     

从混沌角度浅谈凋亡悖论

细胞凋亡是生命科学研究的热点之一,随着近年来研究的愈加深入,新的发现对传统凋亡机制及观念提出了挑战,凋亡悖论应运而生.凋亡悖论的提出是一个值得深入探讨的哲学问题,表明需要对当前科学研究中的还原论方法和线性思维方式进行深刻反思,这提示对于生命现象这类复杂系统科学研究需要混沌思维.     

凋亡--一个令人困惑的名称

就"细胞凋亡"这个热点名称进行探讨,从凋亡的起因及定义、由凋亡定义引起的哲学思考及就定义所做的建议进行分别论述.凋亡最初提出的是一种形态学特点,描述与坏死相对应的细胞解体的主动过程,之后大多数文章把凋亡定义为程序性的细胞死亡,并逐步演绎把死亡之前的细胞内生化变化称为凋亡.由此引起凋亡判断标准的混乱,并产生相关的药理学问题.细胞凋亡的实际情况与人类冠以的定义产生矛盾,其根本原因是真正实体与人为定义概念的哲学思维的混淆.提出应用直接描述真正实体的名称较凋亡更为可取.     

从混沌角度浅谈凋亡悖论

细胞凋亡是生命科学研究的热点之一,随着近年来研究的愈加深入,新的发现对传统凋亡机制及观念提出了挑战,凋亡悖论应运而生。凋亡悖论的提出是一个值得深入探讨的哲学问题,表明需要对当前科学研究中的还原论方法和线性思维方式进行深刻反思,这提示对于生命现象这类复杂系统科学研究需要混沌思维。     

细胞死亡概念的发展及启示

随着生物医学技术的发展,人们对细胞死亡的研究不断深入,从组织学水平到细胞学水平再深入到分子生物学水平,有关细胞死亡的概念也经历了坏死,凋亡与坏死,胀亡、凋亡与坏死等几个阶段.认识具有反复性和无限性,人们对细胞死亡的认识体现了认识的辨证发展过程,细胞死亡理论的发展会像死亡自身一样不可避免.     

德国天主教神学家拉纳的死亡观研究

死亡的不可避免性是人们对死亡的共识,但对于死亡意义的阐释在不同宗教中却各不相同。卡尔·拉纳作为20世纪最著名的德国天主教神学家,从基督信仰方面对死亡提出了自己的独特理论。本文简要梳理了拉纳对于死亡的几个主要观点:他不仅对传统基督信仰中死亡、灵魂与肉体分离的观点提出了质疑,强调人作为整体的存在,而且首次提出了死亡是向上帝的全面开放,是人整个生命的圆满事件;最终突出了在基督信仰之内与耶稣基督同死同生的重要意义。     

针对T细胞介导的胰岛自身免疫的治疗策略

1A型糖尿病是由T细胞所介导的器官特异性自身免疫性疾病.人们利用转基因技术、自身抗原疫苗接种、单克隆抗体治疗等新兴技术通过诱导自身免疫耐受,改变免疫调节因子,调节细胞凋亡等途径阻止了自身免疫反应对胰岛的攻击.这些针对其发病机制所提出的新型治疗策略让人们看到了治疗自身免疫型糖尿病的希望.     

细胞凋亡与细胞坏死

细胞凋亡与细胞坏死南京医科大学第一附属医院（２１００２９）吴升华细胞凋亡（Ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ）亦称为细胞编程死亡（ＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｄＣｅｌｌＤｅａｔｈ）。近年来发现细胞凋亡参与许多生理病理过程而成为研究热点。Ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ—词在希腊词中是指秋天...     

神经细胞程序性坏死引发的哲学思考

神经细胞死亡曾被认为仅表现为坏死和凋亡。近来发现,不同的细胞死亡形式可以受相同的信号蛋白调节。对程序性坏死的新认识提示坏死与凋亡这两种传统意义上相互排斥的细胞死亡形式是可以互相转化的对立统一体。人们对复杂生命现象的认识虽存在局限性,但可随着科技的发展而不断深入。     

超越死亡的道家生死哲学观

关于生与死的思考铸就了人类哲学的恢弘与博大。中国古代哲学中关于生死之论,不乏智者和睿者,其中道家先哲们以“万物皆一”的开阔视野看待生死,超越了一时一事、一得一失,确立了极具特色的超越死亡、生死存亡一体的生死哲学。并以其丰富的理论内容,深刻的思想内涵,脱俗的不凡见解和独特的美学意境,为中国乃至世界生死哲学理论宝库书写了不可或缺的一笔,对后世产生了极其深远的影响。     

The Evidential Value of Near-Death Experiences for Belief in Life After Death

In this paper, I explore the issue of what evidential value near-death experiences (NDEs) offer for belief in life after death. I survey the major positions on this issue, ranging from writers who believe that NDEs already offer convincing evidence for life after death, to physicalists who believe that they offer, at best, a very weak case. I argue that the present NDE evidence does suggest the possibility of life after death; however, such evidence is not yet overpowering or convincing. However, I go on to argue that NDEs do offer persuasive evidence for life after death for the individual who has the NDE. I end by suggesting that further research should be done on the most impressive type of NDE evidence for life after death, veridical perceptions during an NDE.     

CREATED CO-CREATOR AND THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE

Abstract There is a crisis of interpretation experienced by those making critical‐care decisions and creating health‐care policies and by the patients and families who make life‐and‐death decisions. For example, at both the beginning and end of life, new technologies are changing the way we define life and death. We can prolong life or hasten death in ways that we could not earlier have imagined. This crisis of interpretation demands new ways of thinking and doing. My task is to explicate how the created co‐creator can be used as a springboard to help link theological concepts with feminist concerns about two issues: interpreting the culture and practice of medicine in a new way, and explicating the ambiguity of decision making when considering issues of life and death.     

死亡的解析

死亡的痛苦来源于对死亡的无知。依据辩证法原理,结合现代科学的最新发现,对死亡的本质进行解析发现:死亡是构成生命的物质和意识在运动形式上的特殊转化,而非生命体的消失。灵魂是生命体的核心成分之一,而灵魂的实质是承载深层意识的超微观物质结构。     

The life instinct

In psychoanalytic writing an oversimplified interpretation of Freud's concept of the life and death instincts sometimes colours the presentation. Roughly, there is an implication that the life instinct is 'good' and the death instinct 'bad'. Freud however is clear that: "Neither of these instincts is any less essential than the other; the phenomena of life arise from the concurrent or mutually opposing action of both"(1933b, p. 209). In this paper I look in detail at the characteristics of the life instinct as conceptualized by Freud, and draw on Bion's work 'on linking' to elaborate Freud's view that binding is the life instinct's key characteristic. I suggest that there are pathological forms of both the life and death instinct if defused (separated off) from the other, and I explore a pathological variation of the life instinct in which binding is without the negation, rest, limit or end provided by the 'opposing action' of the death instinct. I consider an instance of the kind that any analyst might meet clinically, in which an inhibited patient experiences severe anxiety that life-giving connections threaten to proliferate indiscriminately and to an overwhelming intensity and size.     

Suicidal ideation among adolescents in relation to recalled exposure to violence

The relationship between exposure to violence and vulnerability to suicide among adolescents was examined. The topic was initiated by the rapid increase in adolescent's exposure to violence and the sparse systematic research available on its relationship to attitudes about life and death. The study's main hypothesis is that high levels of exposure to violence are associated with high suicide risk according to two conceptual paradigms-Fear of Death and Attraction and Repulsion to Life. Eighty-five adolescents were administered three self report questionnaires. The questionnaires assessed levels of exposure to violence, fear of death, and attitudes towards life and death. Those who had been exposed to a high level of violence reported attitudes synonymous with the profile of an individual at risk for suicide (low fear of death, low repulsion to death, and low attraction to life; high repulsion to life and high attraction to death).     

Suicidal ideation among adolescents in relation to recalled exposure to violence

The relationship between exposure to violence and vulnerability to suicide among adolescents was examined. The topic was initiated by the rapid increase in adolescent's exposure to violence and the sparse systematic research available on its relationship to attitudes about life and death. The study's main hypothesis is that high levels of exposure to violence are associated with high suicide risk according to two conceptual paradigms-Fear of Death and Attraction and Repulsion to Life. Eighty-five adolescents were administered three self report questionnaires. The questionnaires assessed levels of exposure to violence, fear of death, and attitudes towards life and death. Those who had been exposed to a high level of violence reported attitudes synonymous with the profile of an individual at risk for suicide (low fear of death, low repulsion to death, and low attraction to life; high repulsion to life and high attraction to death).