The self-consciousness scale: a discriminant validity study

A recent Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS) measures Private and Public Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety. The present research was intended to establish discriminant validity for the two Self-consciousness components with respect to several other variables. 105 male undergraduates completed the SCS, the Otis Test of Mental Ability, an abbreviated Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (measuring need for achievement), a Test Anxiety Questionnaire, and the EASI Temperament Survey. Private Self-consciousness did not correlate significantly with any other measure. Public Self-consciousness correlated weakly with the temperaments of Sociability and Emotionality. The Self-consciousness components of the SCS thus appear to be relatively independent of the other measures tested.     

Assessment of the Fenigstein,Scheier, and Buss Self-Consciousness Scale: A Swedish Translation

The psychometric properties of a Swedish translation of Fenigstein, Scheier, and Busses (1975) Self-Consciousness Scale are reported, The three-factor structure of the Self-Consciousness Scale was replicated in a sample of 241 undergraduate university students and in a sample of 225 female high school students. In a sample of 175 male high school students, the three-factor structure was not confirmed. items assumed to reflect Private and Public Self-consciousness, collapsed into one factor. Test-retest reliabilities and internal consistency of the subscales were consistent with prior research. Significant gender differences in Public Self-consciousness and Social Anxiety are reported. Women scored higher than men.     

Assessment of private and public self-consciousness: a Dutch replication

In the present article a replication of a study by Fenigstein, Scheier and Buss (1975), who constructed a Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS), is reported. The SCS was translated into Dutch, and its properties and its relation to Locus of Control was investigated. The norms and reliability coefficients presented are consistent with prior research. Also the results of a factor analysis that yielded the three factors: Private, Public Self-consciousness, and Social Anxiety are consistent with these findings. However, Private Self-consciousness did not correlate significantly with Locus of Control.     

Relationship between self-consciousness, autonomic perception, and psychosomatic disorders

The Self-consciousness Scale, Autonomic Perception Questionnaire, and the Medical History Questionnaire were administered to 127 undergraduate students in psychology. Although scores on self-consciousness were not related to those on any other measure, autonomic perception was significantly correlated with a self-report of psychosomatic disorders.     

Individual differences in embarrassment: Self-consciousness,self-monitoring and embarrassibility

Embarrassment has been conceptualized as a self-presentational difficulty resulting from a concern with our observable behaviour and a desire to conform and to please others. Thus, individuals particularly concerned with these aspects of their behaviour (i.e. publicly self-conscious and other-directed) are likely to be particularly susceptible to embarrassment. This experiment was designed to investigate this possibility. The Self-consciousness Scale (SCS), Self-monitoring Scale (SMS) and the Embarrassibility Scale (ES) were administered to over 100 Ss. The factor structures obtained in the present study were compared with those obtained in previous studies and revealed an almost exact correspondence for the SCS, a close correspondence for the SMS and little correspondence for the ES. There was a predicted significant positive correlation between the ES and the Public Self-consciousness subscale of the SCS (i.e. a concern for observable behaviour) and the Other-directedness subscale of the SMS (i.e. a desire to conform and please others). Two aspects of the results are discussed: the possibility that the ES is unidimensional and implications of individual differences in the process of embarrassment for investigating coping strategies.     

Engaging with Cultural Sport Psychology to Explore Systemic Sexual Exploitation in USA Gymnastics: A Call to Commitments

In this article, we engage with cultural sport psychology (CSP) to explore sexual exploitation in USA Gymnastics. Specifically, using critical reflexivity on the Larry Nassar case, we bring to life how systemic abuse in sport is more than a tragedy. We argue that perpetration of abuse persists in sport spaces largely because athletes train and compete in relations of force that privilege structures and practices to which athletes are subordinate. A return to recenter discussions on the significance of oppression and power in the larger discourse and ethical practice of CSP became imperative with the news of U.S. doctor Larry Nassar’s sexual predation. As tools in our advocacy for the reduction of sport sexism and sexual exploitation and abuse, we offer four ethical commitments to the field as we examine the ways systemic gendered violence and oppressions in sport are perpetrated in systems, decision-making, and every practices. We invite CSP scholars and sport psychology practitioners to interrogate and disrupt systemic intersectional disempowerment and cultures of sexual exploitation.     

Are life satisfaction and self-esteem distinct constructs? A black South African perspective

As part of a longitudinal project on Quality of Life, a study was undertaken to extend the applicability of the 5-item Satisfaction With Life Scale, developed in the USA, in South Africa. Data on basic sociodemographic characteristics, the scale, and the 10-item Rosenberg Self-esteem scale were available for 360 Black South Africans (151 men and 209 women), ages 21 to 83 years (M = 38.6 yr., SD = 10.3). Factor analysis applied to scale scores gave two factors, accounting for 71% of the variance. Factor I was loaded by 10 Self-esteem items and Factor II by four of the five Life Satisfaction items. Coefficient alpha was .77 for the Satisfaction With Life Scale and .97 for the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. Life Satisfaction was related to Self-esteem (r = .17, p < .01). It was concluded that Life Satisfaction and Self-esteem appear to be distinct, unitary constructs, but responses to Item 5 on the Satisfaction With Life Scale require cautious interpretation and may contribute to the weak r, although so may the collectivist culture of Black South Africans.     

大学生网络交往与网络利他行为的关系:自尊与公我意识的作用

以湖北湖南三所高校大一至大四416名全日制大学生为被试,采用《大学生网络交往行为量表》、《自尊量表》、《公我意识量表》和《大学生网络利他行为量表》,对大学生的网络交往、自尊、公我意识以及网络利他行为的情况进行调查,探讨自尊是否在网络交往和网络利他行为之间起中介作用,以及这个过程是否受到公我意识的调节。结果显示：（1）网络交往对网络利他行为具有正向预测作用;（2）自尊在网络交往和网络利他行为间起部分中介作用;（3）自尊的中介效应受到公我意识的调节,即在高公我意识水平下,自尊能正向影响个体的网络利他行为;在低公我意识水平下,自尊对网络利他行为的影响不显著。研究结果有助于揭示大学生网络利他行为的形成机制,对大学生网络利他行为的干预有一定的启示意义。     

Does self-consciousness mediate the relation between self-talk and self-knowledge?

Building on Morin's understanding of the relations among self-talk, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge, this study examined the hypothesis that functional and dysfunctional self-consciousness mediate between self-talk and self-knowledge. A self-report questionnaire including 10 scales assessing different aspects of Self-talk, Self-consciousness, and Self-knowledge was administered to 200 German undergraduate university students (95 women, 105 men). Mediation analysis showed that the observed negative relationship between Self-talk and Self-knowledge was mediated by Dysfunctional Self-consciousness, while Functional Self-consciousness acted like a supressor variable. The discussion focuses on limitations of the present measures of Self-talk.     

Correlates of female athletic participation: Masculinity,femininity, self-esteem,and attitudes toward women

Self-esteem, psychological masculinity and femininity, and attitudes toward women in female athletes were investigated in an attempt to examine the validity of various stereotypes. Subgroup distinctions based on sport played, level of commitment to athletics, and experience level were also examined. Seventy-one women participating in intercollegiate varsity teams (crew, basketball, squash, and swimming) at a major university in the Northeast were compared with an unselected group of 185 women from the same university. In contrast to previous findings, female athletes were found to be significantly less feminine than their college peers, but not more masculine. In sport-by-sport comparisons, differences were not found. Highly committed athletes were found to be more masculine and more feminine, as well as more profeminist, than low commitment athletes; and experienced athletes also appeared to be the more highly committed ones. Self-esteem and commitment were found to be unrelated, suggesting that the individual can make a strong commitment to athletics without it having an evaluative component. Speculations were made about the athlete of the future and the influence of athletics on self-esteem.     

Adult attachment and forgiveness in Taiwanese college students

The purpose of this study was to assess the associations between measures of adult attachment and forgiveness in college students in Taiwan. Participants (203 women and 82 men; M age = 19.6 yr., SD = 1.2) completed measures of adult attachment dimensions (Adult Attachment Scale), State Forgiveness (Forgiveness Scale), and Trait Forgiveness (Forgiveness Likelihood Scale). Pearson correlations and regression results indicated ratings on three dimensions of adult attachment, Dependence, Anxiety, and Closeness, were significantly related to State Forgiveness, and all but scores on Dependence were significantly related to scores on Trait Forgiveness. Only ratings of Anxiety and Closeness significantly predicted those on State and Trait Forgiveness. The findings provided partial support for using attachment theory to understand the construct of forgiveness.     

The effects of state and trait self-focused attention on sexual arousal in sexually functional and dysfunctional women

This study examined the effects of state self-focused attention on sexual arousal and trait self-consciousness on sexual arousal and function in sexually functional (n=16) and dysfunctional (n=16) women. Self-focused attention was induced using a 50% reflectant television screen in one of two counterbalanced sessions during which self-report and physiological sexual responses to erotic films were measured. Self-focused attention significantly decreased vaginal pulse amplitude (VPA) responses among sexually functional but not dysfunctional women, and substantially decreased correlations between self-report and VPA measures of sexual arousal. Self-focused attention did not significantly impact subjective sexual arousal in sexually functional or dysfunctional women. Trait private self-consciousness was positively related to sexual desire, orgasm, compatibility, contentment and sexual satisfaction. Public self-consciousness was correlated with sexual pain. The findings are discussed in terms of Masters and Johnson's [Masters, W. H. & Johnson, V. E. (1970). Human sexual inadequacy. Boston: Little, Brown) concepts of "spectatoring" and "sensate focus."     

Development and Implementation of a Sport Psychology Program in an Urban High School

SUMMARY

This article is based on a dissertation of the author that was centered on the process of developing a sport psychology program at the high school level. The program was developed to address academic, mental, social, and emotional needs of student-athletes and coaches. This sport psychology program, which was developed in the Linden Public School District, a large urban district in New Jersey, may be the first such program documented on a national level. In this dissertation, the author, who was a school psychologist in the district, utilized a particular program planning and evaluation framework, with attention to the first two phases-clarification and designto develop and implement a sport psychology program.     

Aerobic physical activity effects on psychological well-being in low-income Hispanic children

Psychological well-being has been generally associated with vigorous aerobic activity and structured aerobic activity in adolescents and children. Low-income children are at greater risk than the general population for experiencing high environmental stress and increased mental health problems. This study investigated the effects of a structured physical fitness program on psychological well-being in low-income Hispanic children. A total of 66, 33 girls, 33 boys, in Grade 4 were randomly assigned to either an Aerobic intensity (n = 34) or a Control intensity physical activity program (n = 32) for 6 wk. Psychological well-being was defined as scores on trait anxiety, depression, and self-esteem, measured, respectively, by the Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Rosenberg Self-esteem scale. Analysis showed the children in the Aerobic intensity program significantly (p < .05) improved their cardiovascular fitness as measured by the PWC170 test. After the program was over, the children in this Aerobic group reported significantly (p < .05) less depression. The main effect for self-esteem reflected the Aerobic group's greater self-reported self-esteem. No differences were found on trait anxiety. The effects on depression and self-esteem may only be attributed to the cardiovascular improvement given the higher intensity physical activity program because causation was not assessed here.     

Pathways of identity development in college women

In order to study pathways of identity achievement, the identity statuses of college women were assessed through an interview procedure. Based on areas of identity achievement, the women were designated as following a female pathway, a male pathway, an androgynous pathway, or no pathway. Women in the female pathway were significantly higher on self-esteem than women in the male pathway. In addition, youthfulness was positively related to self-esteem. The results were interpreted to indicate difficulties of choice confronting modern women. Commitments in nontraditional areas such as career and ideological concerns may raise anxieties for women which are reflected in lower self-esteem.The authors wish to thank Dave Drissel, Jimmy Hahn, Randy Herschel, and Sue McGovern for their assistance in interviewing and rating the interviews.     

Differences in Imagery Content and Imagery Ability Between High and Low Confident Track and Field Athletes

The purpose of this research was to examine how high and low trait sport confident track and field athletes differed in their imagery content and imagery ability. NCAA Division I track and field athletes ( M age = 20.5 +/- 1.61 years; M = 7.15 +/- 3.3 years experience; N = 111, 44 males and 67 females) completed the following measures: Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI), Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ), and Movement Imagery Questionnaire - Revised (MIQ-R). Profile analyses revealed that high trait sport confident athletes utilized each category of imagery (Motivational General - Mastery, Motivational General - Arousal, Motivational Specific, Cognitive General, and Cognitive Specific) significantly more than low trait sport confident athletes. No significant differences emerged between the groups on the two imagery ability scales. The results suggest that the high confident athletes used more imagery, but they did not have higher imagery skills than low confident athletes.     

Gratitude Enhances Change in Athletes’ Self-Esteem: The Moderating Role of Trust in Coach

Self-esteem is a positive evaluation of oneself that can facilitate optimal functioning. However, little research has focused on its antecedents in sport. Accordingly, we adopted an interactionism perspective and proposed that gratitude, a dispositional factor, will enhance an athlete's self-esteem and affective trust in coach, a situational factor, will strengthen such a positive effect. Athletes completed measures of gratitude, affective trust in coach, and self-esteem at Time 1 and self-esteem at Time 2 after 6 months. Results showed that athletes with higher levels of gratitude increased their self-esteem over time when they had higher affective trust in their coaches.     

Coping skills: role of trait sport confidence and trait anxiety

The current research assesses relationships among coping skills, trait sport confidence, and trait anxiety. Two samples (n=47 and n=77) of international competitors from surf life saving (M=23.7 yr.) and touch rugby (M=26.2 yr.) completed the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory, Trait Sport Confidence Inventory, and Sport Anxiety Scale. Analysis yielded significant correlations amongst trait anxiety, sport confidence, and coping. Specifically confidence scores were positively associated with coping with adversity scores and anxiety scores were negatively associated. These findings support the inclusion of the personality characteristics of confidence and anxiety within the coping model presented by Hardy, Jones, and Gould, Researchers should be aware that confidence and anxiety may influence the coping processes of athletes.     

The effects of exercise on body satisfaction and affect

This research used ecological momentary assessment to examine the effects of exercise on state body dissatisfaction and affect in 33 undergraduate females with high trait body dissatisfaction and 28 with low trait body dissatisfaction who exercised at least three times weekly. Trait body dissatisfaction was investigated as a moderator of the effects of exercise as well as different motivations for exercise. Results indicated all participants experienced lower state body dissatisfaction and negative affect and greater positive affect post-exercise. Trait body dissatisfaction moderated the association between motivations and exercise effects. Appearance and weight motivations were related to higher state body dissatisfaction for all individuals. Fitness and health motivations were related to higher state body dissatisfaction for high trait body dissatisfied individuals and lower state body dissatisfaction for low trait body dissatisfied individuals. Thus, although exercise has positive effects on body dissatisfaction and affect for high frequency exercisers, their exercise motivations impact these effects.     

The effect of group psychological counselling in Greek university students’ anxiety,depression, and self-esteem

Objective: During the last decades there has been a marked increase in both the number of students with severe psychological problems on campus and the number of students seeking counselling services. The present study measured the effect of a group psychological counselling program on university students’ anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Design: Data were derived from six separate groups and a total of 53 participants (19 male, 34 female). The intervention was based on Cognitive-Behavioural Group Therapy (CBGT) and included cognitive and behavioural techniques in eight, two-hour weekly sessions. The quasi-experimental longitudinal study used a pretest/posttest group design. The participants completed the Spielberger's State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSE) before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using t-tests. Results: The results indicated the existence of meaningful differences in terms of state and trait anxiety, depression and self-esteem from pre-treatment to post-treatment. Conclusion: The program was effective in decreasing significantly participants’ anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as increasing their self-esteem. These are encouraging results demonstrating an effective form of the intervention on student population.