Échelle de stigmatisation familiale dans la maladie d’Alzheimer (ESF-MA) : une adaptation et validation française

According to scientific research, individuals diagnosed with neurodegenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type and their surroundings (family, family caregiver), experience a phenomenon of family stigmatization of which there are many consequences. Not only can they experience emotional reactions such as fear, anxiety, more depressive symptoms, but they can also face discrimination with a sense of care giving burden and be the result of social relationships avoidance. These effects lead to reduce family life quality. At the same time, scientific studies reveal that stigma acts on a personal, associative (family), public and on a structural level. Their joint perception seems necessary to apprehend their synergy and to adapt interventions. However, in the AD context, no tool exists in the French language to measure perceived family stigma on different levels. To fill this gap, we analyzed the construct validity (intra-concept validity), an aspect of the divergent validity, concurrent validity as well as the reliability of the AD family stigma scale (ESF-MA) in the French context. The results of the principal component analysis (n = 263 family caregivers) reveal 10 factors divided into 3 dimensions (intra-personal, public and structural) that explain 57 % of the total variance. The validity of the construct like the reliability represents satisfying results. The measurement of the family stigma by the ESF-MA presents an opportunity to complete clinical observations among family caregivers of people diagnosed with AD.     

Effets comportementaux et attitudinaux d’une procédure de Pied-dans-la-porte en entreprise

The present research investigates attitudinal and behavioral effects of a Foot-in-the-door paradigm (Freedman & Fraser, 1966), adapted to a company world. Moreover, it measures the impact of a variable whose integration to the paradigm has been discussed (Joule and Beauvois, 1998; Joule, Py & Bernard, 2004) although its effect has not been experimentally demonstrated: Action Identification (Vallacher and Wegner, 1985). Results show a response rate to the target request and a mean of affective commitment to the organization (Allen & Meyer, 1990) higher in the F.I.T.D. condition, particularly when the level of action identification is taking into account. Results are discussed in terms of commitment theory and action identification theory.     

Évaluation-Cognition-Polyhandicap (ECP) : apports d’une approche qualitative dans l’élaboration et la validation d’un outil

BackgroundSetting up a personalised project for any person with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) requires an evaluation of their cognitive skills. Nevertheless an international literature review highlights: a lack of adequate tools for evaluation of the cognitive skills of people with PIMD; the need to create standardised protocols. In 2009, Scelles et al. proposed the P2CJP–Profil de Compétences Cognitives du Jeune Polyhandicapé. This tool was designed for children up to 14 years of age. In 2017, this scale has been revised and extended to the adults, and called ECP (Evaluation-Cognition-PIMD).MethodTo elaborate and validate this tool, a statistical methodology has been combined with a qualitative process close to professionals and parents. The aim was to assess the relevance and the ergonomic of the ECP, the comprehension of items, the facility of use, the guideline and at least the effects regarding the practice.ResultsThe qualitative analyse of user backgrounds, at all validation stages, let adapt the ECP as well on the content as on the form. This work reveals the necessity to continue to adapt the ECP through interactions between users and searchers.     

Pour une approche qualitative de l’évaluation du fonctionnement cognitif

The purpose of this article is to highlight the interest and the necessary conditions to carry out a qualitative assessment of cognitive activity. This one distinguishes itself from a quantitative assessment in which individual differences do not concern the products of cognitive activity, but the activity itself. This level of analysis is particularly useful from a diagnostic point of view. We present and illustrate a methodological and conceptual approach as well as the conditions for its implementation, which will enable us to identify the underlying processes and the participants resort to come up with an answer. The approach supported here participates in the development of cognitive psychology centred on individual cases that is essential to explain the observed differences and to propose adapted and appropriate individualized remediations.     

L’apport des tests d’aptitudes dans le recrutement : l’exemple de la NV5-R

From the observation of a limited use of aptitude tests in the recruitment process, this article attempts to illustrate the relevance of such tests from applied research on the recruitment of sales persons. Thus, 32 candidates have participated in the recruitment process that is traditionally practiced by the organization, to which we have added three of the subtests of the battery NV5-R. The comparison of the scores at this test and the results of the classical procedure of recruitment for each subject shows that similar information is obtained by these two methods of selection. The contribution of aptitude tests in selection procedures has been discussed in terms of these results while laying the limitations of this study.     

Dynamique des valeurs culturelles au travail en contexte gabonais : influence de la culture nationale et de la culture d’entreprise occidentale

More and more Western organizations settle in Africa and import their corporate culture. This contrasts strongly with local national culture. The present study examines the direct links and the interactive effect of Gabonese culture and Western corporate culture on workplace cultural values. A total of 650 Gabonese employees working in Western organizations answered a questionnaire. The results indicate that Gabonese national culture and Western corporate culture are differentially linked with collectivism at work, given that the former is positively associated whereas the latter is negatively associated. Moreover, an additive effect of both cultures on the distance to power. Thus, the cohabitation between Gabonese national culture and Western corporate culture leads to a mismatch of cultural values at workplace.     

La cross-évaluation : une approche d’évaluation et de développement des processus de travail inter-équipes

Organizational agility has become an increasing focus for companies and has led to the emergence of new developmental methods. This article presents the cross-evaluation as an approach to evaluating and developing inter-team interface efficacity. Though 360 degrees feedback collective processes are being evaluated, and during reflexive workshops they decide what improvements to make in their team functioning. Based on a literature review and more specifically on the theories of social identity and groupthink this article describes the scientific bases of the cross-evaluation method and the biases that can be involved and how to reduce them. It suggests new avenues of research and practical suggestions for practitioners about an inter-team development method.     

Facteurs d’invention,de dissémination et de diffusion d’une innovation : leçons d’une triple étude de cas

The aim of this article is to identify the factors facilitating the invention, dissemination and diffusion phases of the innovation process. An action-research was conducted in a hospital setting using mixed methods (participant observation, interviews and questionnaires). A triple case study illustrated the invention of a change management methodology, its dissemination using an interactive learning strategy and its diffusion within and outside the organization. Ten factors from various research traditions emerged. No model was able to explain all factors facilitating one phase. Phases of the innovation process were carried out dynamically, as a continuously reactivated process.     

Les pratiques d’evaluation utilisees dans les structures de conseil en recrutement : quelques determinants

Referring to the work of Bruchon-Schweitzer & Ferrieux (1991) and Balicco (1999), the present study describes the recruitment practices of different types of organizations (N=327, 134 consulting companies and 193 temporary placement firms). We hypothesised that job position and recruiter characteristics (sex, age, level and type of education, status, and recruitment experience) would influence the use of selection techniques. Results revealed that choice of selection techniques is not based on a scientific evaluation of applicants. Job position seems to strongly determine use of personality assessment techniques. Further, recruiter characteristics only seem to determine choice of less valid techniques. In the discussion, a theoretical model of choices made by recruiters and some courses of action are proposed.     

Liens entre le déclin sensoriel et cognitif dans le vieillissement normal : revue critique de la littérature et apports de l’approche incarnée et située de la cognition

Biological aging impacts many organs including sensory's ones and the brain, and thus, cognition. Research has shown that the sensory and cognitive decline are positively correlated. The main data from this literature are firstly reviewed in the present article. Then, the four main hypotheses that are generally proposed to explain these associations are presented. According to them, sensory decline is supposed to cause cognitive decline, or vice-versa, or these concomitant changes result from the general alteration of the nervous system. However, none of them seems able to account for all of the existing data. Moreover, the precise mechanisms that may drive these associations remain to be clarified. The rest of the article is then dedicated to the embodied and situated cognition approach as it provides a particularly interesting and adequate framework to account for these links. Indeed, according to this approach, cognitive representations are grounded in their sensorimotor properties. In other words, cognitive functioning is not conceived as detached from sensory functioning, but instead directly dependent of it. Representations are thus thought to emerge from the sensorimotor simulation of the properties involved in these representations. Therefore, sensory decline should directly impact cognitive performance. It is then hypothesized that older adults have low-resolution representations decreasing the signal on noise ratio of traces, increasing sensorimotor interferences and thus decreasing cognitive performance. This approach leads to consider low and high levels of sensory and perceptual functioning, which are both impaired in aging. Therefore, the repercussion of the sensory-perceptual decline is not only valid for present processing, but also extend to all past knowledge. Several predictions are then proposed on (1) the link between high-level perceptual functioning and cognitive functioning in older adults; (2) the possible interaction in young adults between sensory and high-level perceptual functioning as a function of the level of interference of the material involved; (3) the possible link between the motor and cognitive functioning in older adults. The clinical consequences in terms of cognitive stimulation of such a perspective will close the article. It is proposed to develop a stimulation program based on pattern separation mechanism to better process sensory interference in order to train older adults to improve cognitive precision and thus performance.     

Adaptation et validation francophone d’une échelle de la spiritualité au travail

Most researchers working on the thematic of workplace spirituality recognize the importance of its relationships with individual and organizational performance. However, no scale for assessing it has been translated and validated in a French-speaking context. Therefore, this study aims to validate the adaptation of the “Workplace spirituality” scale. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses were carried out on all data collected from 623 participants working in France. The results revealed a five-factor solution: “Transcendence”, “Alignment with the organization values”, “Mindfulness”, “Compassion” and “Meaningful work”, as well as satisfactory psychometric qualities. The discussion presents the reasons why the French version is valid and identifies some of the limitations of this study.     

Questionnaire d’efficacité de la consultation : élaboration et validation préliminaire d’une échelle de mesure de l’efficacité de la consultation en gestion

Despite sustained interest of both researchers and practitioners in favor of a reliable measure of management consulting effectiveness, the existing assessment instruments remain scarce, poorly validated and often inadequate. This study proposes a new instrument for assessing management consulting effectiveness from the consultant's point of view: The Consulting Effectiveness Questionnaire (Questionnaire d’efficacité de la consultation). The preliminary empirical validation of the questionnaire was conducted using two samples of 116 and 207 consultants. Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analyses suggests a second-order two-factor solution, namely the Quality of the process and Value-added results. The results offer preliminary support for the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of this promising tool for both research and practice purposes.     

Questionner le sens dans l’accompagnement d’une transition vers la reconversion professionnelle : une recherche-intervention

This contribution is based on a research-intervention contracted by a team of researchers in social psychology with a local authority. It focuses on the support of public sector workers, declared medically inapt to occupy their current position, during the transition that is redeployment period. The contributions of two theoretical approaches allowing to understand this question are first crossed: existential psychology relative to the life-span career counseling on the one hand, and psychology of the socialization, underlied by the activities of personalization mobilized in the construction of meaning on the other hand. Secondly, these approaches are discussed in the light of the experience of support workshops developed and implemented in the field of this research. These workshops, organized in four sessions, aim to help participants to objectify the questions inherent in this professional transition and to give meaning to their life course and their experience of the situation. The exchanges made it possible for the participants to share views on issues such as the situation of inaptitude, their relationships to work or the redeployment package itself. These workshops give evidence of the possibility of supporting subjects, concerned by ruptures in their life, towards the development of a capacity to act and to transform their environment and highlight the psychosocial effects of a support designed as a social support for the change of professional activities.     

Validation d’une échelle d’évaluation multi-dimensionnelle de l’illusion de contrôle dans les jeux de hasard et d’argent (EEMDIC)

IntroductionThe illusion of control is widely accepted as a key factor in the gambling behaviors. A polysemic concept, its theoretical definition remains debatable, however, and the multitude of measures used to account for it makes it difficult to compare the results of research on it.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to clarify what the illusion of control is and to provide a measure that captures what it is.MethodBy considering the two valences, positive (focusing on gains) and negative (focusing on losses), relating to gambling cognitions, two subscales were thus subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on the data collected from 482 participants (82.78% of women, M_age = 36.5, SD_age = 12.31).ResultsThe results reveal that a 4-factor solution (absolute luck/series law; skills, knowledge and strategies; superstitious rituals and behaviours; personal luck/misfortune) allows us to describe the sample data for each of the two subscales. Polynomial regressions with response surface analyses make the case for presenting the two subscales simultaneously (matrix format). These analyses also show that the illusion of control is linked to gambling habits through the interaction of positive and negative valences. In particular, individuals gamble more frequently when they simultaneously attribute more their winnings and less their losses to luck.ConclusionsThe usefulness of this new tool, which addresses the illusion of control by a direct measurement of its dimensions and an indirect measurement of its affective structure, is discussed both in terms of research and practice, since it would make it possible to orient care.     

La psychotechnique des aptitudes. Pour différencier une sociotechnique de l’évaluation sans mesurage et une psychologie balbutiante de la compréhension de la performance

A widespread view consists in considering that validated psychotechnical tests enable one to measure intellectual abilities with the help of the scoring of observed performances. This paper (i) elaborates a falsifiable conception of ordinal measurement, (ii) shows that it is likely that the observed performances falsify it, and (iii) analyzes how psychometric modeling fulfils the comparative imperative that underpins the assessment of abilities. But the evaluative efficacy builds up to the detriment of scientific knowledge of the performance's determinants. The practice of psychological assessment is then thought of as a sociotechnics of assessment without measurement.     

Intérêts et limites de l’utilisation d’une méthodologie mixte : à propos d’une recherche en psychologie de la santé

Recently, the health social sciences, like some fields of psychology, have progressively adopted qualitative methods, particularly in English-speaking countries. When they come in addition to quantitative methods, they are called “mixed methodologies”. Among other reasons, these approaches suffer nonetheless of a lack of acknowledgement because of a still topical debate opposing the positivist-objectivist and the constructivist paradigms. Another reason to this lack of acknowledgement is due to the fact that several authors explain the use of a mixed methodology according to pragmatic arguments. The authors of this paper briefly present these debates and their pertinence in health psychology research and try to overcome them by showing that it is possible to make mixed methodologies fall within a constructivist approach. Their proposal is exemplified through a research work about organ donation decision led in Switzerland. Actually, this research embed multiple and complex factors that offer an appropriated ground for the use of a mixed methodology, qualitative and quantitative.