浅谈尼布尔思想中人的自由、罪与爱的关系

雷茵霍尔德·尼布尔(Reinhold Niebuhr,1892-1971)是二十世纪美国最著名的神学家、思想家,是新正统派神学的代表,是基督教现实主义的奠基人。本文着眼于尼布尔思想中的三个重要概念———人的自由、罪与爱———的分析,并简略地阐述它们之间的关系。自由是人的本质属性,罪因自由而成为可能,确定了罪的不可避免性。同时,人的自由又展现出爱的可能性。在尼布尔思想中,人的自由、罪与爱三者彼此纠缠,处于巨大的张力之中。     

试论康德的人性与"原罪"学说

康德在《纯然理性界限内的宗教》一书中,以人性的善恶问题开始了他在后批判时期的宗教哲学论著。在《论恶的原则与善的原则的共居或论人性中的根本恶》一篇中,康德集中论述了人性的善恶和原罪的含义。本文通过梳理康德的人性论和原罪观及其交互关系,从中引出康德与基督教传统教义的原罪观在自由意志层面上的比较分析。     

The Human Dark Side: Evolutionary Psychology and Original Sin

Human nature has a dark side, something important to religions. Evolutionary psychology has been used to illuminate the human shadow side, although as a discipline it has attracted criticism. This article seeks to examine the evolutionary psychology’s understanding of human nature and to propose an unexpected dialog with an enduring account of human evil known as original sin. Two cases are briefly considered: murder and rape. To further the exchange, numerous theoretical and methodological criticisms and replies of evolutionary psychology are explored jointly with original sin. Evolutionary psychology can partner with original sin since they share some theoretical likenesses and together they offer insights into the nature of what it means to be human.     

Taking Our Place: Substitution,Human Agency,and Feminine Sin

Abstract

While acknowledging that church teachings about substitutionary atonement have served to disempower women, this article argues that a reconstrual of this doctrine can, in fact, promote human agency. Because Christ our Representative has taken our place in relation to that which incapacitates us, women are freed from the ‘feminine sins’ of self-deprecation and passivity to exercise power as agents. First, the author explains the importance of conceiving of substitution apart from understandings of satisfaction theory that perpetuate violence. Then she rehearses how feminist theologians have understood substitution to inhibit agency. Finally (in conversation with Dorothee Sölle and Karl Barth), she examines how a reconstrual of substitutionary atonement, understood within a representational framework, might contribute to an adequate feminist soteriology by championing women's ‘irreplaccability,’ thus ensuring their power.     

Women and Sin: Responses to Mary Elise Lowe

Responses to Mary Elise Lowe:
A Response to Mary Elise Lowe's Women Orientated Hamartilogies , by Paul Sponheim, p.229
Feminist Thinking on Sin: Thoughts on an Update , by MaryMcClintock Fulkerson, p.230
Women and Sin: Response to Mary Elise Lowe , byRosemary Radford Ruether, p.233     

何谓“做哲学”及其主要面向问题

做哲学是新近出现的一种看待哲学和进行哲学研究的新鲜方式,并构成引起学界热烈反响的讨论话题。英美多部相关做哲学的经典著作的引入,更使做哲学的性质、意义和如何做哲学的讨论引向深入。与传统哲学研究不同,做哲学是一种依照内在的哲学性的思维方法训练以探究事物和世界本质性问题而进行的思考活动,是一种以问题为导向的哲学实践、哲学操作、哲学活动,展示的是一种哲学性思考和论辩的过程。实际上,西方哲学史上,苏格拉底、康德、黑格尔以及现代语言逻辑分析哲学已触及到做哲学问题的思考并予以了一定的论述,只是这种认识和理解没有得到足够的重视,或者说,一种理论的哲学性思辨活动过程屈位于一种思想理论的提出和判断结论的意义。要做哲学和做好哲学,内在地蕴涵着人类的惊异之心、实践与生活本身、哲学性思维与写作训练、经典文本的理解和解释的四大面向问题。     

America and the Eighth Deadly Sin

In this article, I argue that the cultivation of innocence in the United States, coupled with policies of free market expansionism, the acquisitiveness of capitalism, rising militarism, the hubris of democratic evangelism, free market fundamentalism, and the immense U.S. militaristic and economic power, is an especially fatal sin. In general, I contend that nurturing innocence involves overlooking the inadvertent and advertent destruction and suffering that has resulted from U.S. interventionist policies and actions in the 20th and 21st centuries. Finally, I argue that the cultivation of innocence, which is often supported by Christian theological language, contradicts central Christian beliefs. Dr. LaMothe has published two books, Revitalizing Faith through Pastoral Counseling and Becoming Alive: Psychoanalysis and Vitality as well as numerous articles, Correspondence to Ryan LaMothe, rlamothe@saintmeainrad.edu     

Change in Value Orientations of Turkish Youth From 1989 to 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in value orientations of Turkish youth from 1989 to 1995 and to see how changes in Turkish society affected the value orientations of Turkish youth. The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS; M. Rokeach, 1973) was administered in Ankara to 289 young people in 1989, to 318 young people in 1992, and to 397 young people in 1995. Results indicated that the value orientations of the Turkish youth in 1989 underwent major changes that were manifested in 1992, toward a more competitive and individualistic orientation. Similar characteristics were reflected in the value priorities of the young people in 1995, which indicates that values are modified to fit the changes the society experiences.     

Original Sin and the Hermeneutics of Charity: A Response to Gilbert Meilaender

Looking for a way to read the classic texts of Christian antiquity without treating them either as if they were written yesterday or as if they were archeological artefacts, the author endorses Meilaender's endeavor to develop the insights of Augustine in the modern context. He nevertheless suggests that a different way of drawing the analogy between sex and eating would better capture Augustine's distinctive way of joining theology and ethics and would enable a more vigorous defense of Augustine against modern critics of his treatment of sexuality.