促进大学新生环境适应的实验研究

目的探索运用班级心理辅导对大学新生适应环境的促进作用.方法选取某大学新生两个自然班级作为实验组和对照组.实验组进行为期两个月的班级心理辅导,对照组不做干预.结论:(1)班级心理辅导对促进大学新生的环境适应具有显著的效果.(2)利用大学自然班级进行心理辅导来改善新生的适应问题有其独特的优势.(3)高校应面向全体新生开展心理辅导工作.     

婴儿自我认知发生的研究

一个个体从什么时候开始认识到自我的形象,这是研究个体自我意识发生的一个重要方面。Amsterdam 曾创造了给婴儿点胭脂、照镜子,从婴儿对镜中映象的反应变化中探究自我认知萌芽的方法。本实验运用同样的方法研究了婴儿自我认知开始出现的年龄,经历的过程或发展趋势,以及男女婴儿自我认知出现年龄的比较。     

内疚和羞耻对自我服务偏向的影响

内疚和羞耻虽同为消极的自我意识情绪，却有着本质的区别，且二者对自我服务偏向的影响尚不明确。本研究采用成败责任归因任务和人际责任归因任务考察了内疚和羞耻对自我服务偏向的影响。结果表明：情境中缺乏外部线索时，仅羞耻情绪会增加个体的自我提升；情境中存在外部线索时，内疚情绪会抑制个体的自我服务偏向，而羞耻情绪会增加个体的自我保护。本研究结果为个体更好地适应社会、维持心理健康水平提供了启示。     

自传体叙事中的自我欺骗:个体的自我认同策略

自传体叙事中的自我欺骗是一种从个体内角度理解的自我欺骗,是无人际压力情况下个体自我建构过程中所使用的一种认同策略。这种自我欺骗发生在自传体叙事过程中,个体通过叙事语言拉开"新我"和"旧我"的叙事距离,建立新的目标追求并实现,最终构建新的叙事认同。在这个过程中,个体在维持正性自我概念的动机驱动下,采用有偏差的信息加工方式叙述自我故事,满足情绪体验与情绪评价一致性的需要,进而影响个体的自我意识,引发自我改变。未来研究可以探讨自传体叙事中自我欺骗在临床中的行为表现与治疗策略,考察其认知神经机制,并探讨不同社会文化背景下自我欺骗的特点与影响因素。     

工作旺盛感:关注员工的健康与成长

工作旺盛感是个体在工作中同时体验到活力和学习的一种心理状态,是衡量个体成长与进步的标尺。旺盛感的社会嵌入模型和个人成长整合模型为旺盛感研究提供了理论框架,反映出个体的自我决定和自我适应机制,并揭示出旺盛感的重要前因和结果。影响工作旺盛感的前因变量包括情境特征和工作资源,而旺盛感结果变量则包括员工绩效、满意度、组织公民行为、健康、创新和适应行为等。开展工作旺盛感的研究有利于组织和个人的可持续发展,但由于该领域较新,其理论和实证研究亟待丰富和完善。     

自我控制研究回顾与展望

自我控制是个体适应社会的一项重要功能,是自我心理结构中的重要组成部分,是一个人良好个性形成和发展的必要条件。本文从自我控制的概念的界定,自我控制的理论基础和进展及其自我控制的测量三个方面对自我控制的研究进行系统的回顾和梳理,并且对其理论发展进行一定的总结与展望,希望为自我控制理论的深入研究提供一定的借鉴作用。     

团体辅导提升大学生自我同一性的应用研究

目的:本研究旨在研究团体辅导对提高大学生自我同一性的干预效果。方法:采取团体辅导的方法对大连理工大学的30名大学生进行干预,采用实验组与对照组前后测研究的实验设计,使用自我同一性地位量表和青少年同一性危机量表进行测试,采用独立样本t检验,统计被试训练前后各项目、总分得分差异。结果:团体辅导后,实验组被试干预后自我同一性地位均在不同程度上发生改变,多于63%的成员的同一性定位呈现了提升趋势,自我同一性危机的七个维度,经深入研究,团体辅导对时间透视、自我意识、角色尝试、自我确信及了解、价值定向五个维度能产生显著的积极影响;对照组心理健康状态前后测没有显著差异。结论:团体辅导能够有效地提高大学生自我同一性水平。     

自我意识情绪:聚焦于自我的道德情绪研究

自我意识情绪是人们在社会交往中根据一定的价值标准评价自我或被他人评价时产生的情绪,也是个体根据道德自我认同标准,比较不同情境下的行为或行为倾向时产生的道德情绪。自我意识情绪以自我认知为基础,具有独特性。其中,内疚、羞耻、尴尬以及自豪和道德行为之间存在着千丝万缕的联系,并且有反馈、激发动机以及协调人际行为等道德功能。因此极有必要开展自我意识情绪的本土化研究,为建设和谐社会提供理论支持和实验根据。     

女性着装行为与身体自我的关系:实证研究现状及展望

身体自我是个体对与自己身体有关的自我意识,它包括对自己身体的认知评价(身体自我概念、身体意象)、由此产生的对身体的满意度和个体对自己身体的管理三个方面。女性着装行为与身体自我的关系密切,本文从三方面分析了二者关系的研究进展与现状。未来研究应明确着装的暴露度与合身度的影响,探究服装选择行为的理论和机制,重视着装行为与身体自我的调节因素,并加强实验研究和跨文化研究。     

青少年的自我意识及其与社会适应行为的关系

运用问卷调查法对439名中学生进行调查,探讨青少年社会适应行为与自我意识之间的关系。结果发现:(1)青少年自我意识的总体发展水平比较好,年级差异显著,性别差异不显著。(2)青少年自我意识对其社会适应行为具有较好的预测性,能够解释良好适应行为13.50%~39.40%的变异,解释适应不良行为5.90%~14.90%的变异;(3)自觉性和品德评价对良好社会适应行为总体和学习适应的正向预测作用具有跨年级和跨性别的稳定性;(4)在不同年级样本中,焦虑感是神经症行为的稳定和强有力的正向预测因素,自制力是社会性不良行为的稳定和强有力的负向预测因素。在不同性别样本中,自制力是独立生活和经济活动的稳定正向预测因素。     

Adaptation to context

Argument theorists often stress the idea of adaptation to context as an alternative to seeing argument as linked propositions. But adaptation is not a clear idea. It is in fact a complicated puzzle. Though many aspects of this puzzle are obscure, one clear conclusion is that the question-answer pair is not a good way to conceptualize adaptation to situation.     

Adaptation is automatic

Two experiments were used to test whether selective adaptation for speech occurs automatically or instead requires attentional resources. A control condition demonstrated the usual large identification shifts caused by repeatedly presenting an adapting sound (/wa/, with listeners identifying members of a /ba/-/wa/ test series). Two types of distractor tasks were used: (1) Subjects did a rapid series of arithmetic problems during the adaptation periods (Experiments 1 and 2), or (2) they made a series of rhyming judgments, requiring phonetic coding (Experiment 2). A control experiment (Experiment 3) demonstrated that these tasks normally impose a heavy attentional cost on phonetic processing. Despite this, for both experimental conditions, the observed adaptation effect was just as large as in the control condition. This result indicates that adaptation is automatic, operating at an early, preattentive level. The implications of these results for current models of speech perception are discussed.     

Stress and Adaptation

ABSTRACT— Animal models have contributed considerably to the current understanding of mechanisms underlying the role of stress in health and disease. Despite the progress made already, much more can be made by more carefully exploiting animals' and humans' shared biology, using ecologically relevant models. This allows a fundamental analysis of factors modulating individual adaptive capacity and hence individual vulnerability to disease. This article highlights an emerging scientific approach that uses a framework of interpretation that is more biologically oriented than previous approaches, to evaluate both the adaptive and maladaptive nature of the stress response in relation to existing environmental demands.     

Assessing Cultural Adaptation: Psychometric Properties of the Cultural Adaptation Pain Scale

This article explores the psychometric properties of a newly developed Cultural Adaptation Pain Scale. This scale is designed to assess the degree of subjective pain, social distance, and discouragement that may be related to cultural adaptation. Factor analyses revealed 4 factors in the scale that had an overall Cronbach's alpha of .85. Implications for multicultural counseling are discussed.     

Cultural Shock and Adaptation

Multicultural domestic and international relations create cultural shock for both immigrant and resident groups. This article addresses the nature, stages, and causes of cultural shock to provide broad guidelines for managing cultural shock experiences in a variety of circumstances. Cultural shock is described from psychophysiological and sociocultural perspectives. The nature of cultural shock experiences suggests that resolution be addressed through cognitive orientation and behavioral adjustment involving recognition of cultural shock characteristics and implementation of strategies for its resolution. Adaptive strategies for guiding constructive interventions are summarized from an integration of literature on cultural shock adaptation, cross-cultural training effectiveness, and intercultural effectiveness.     

Adaptation in Modern Times

Since the beginning of Christian mission, adaptation to local cultures (later called acculturation or inculturation) has been the main factor in mission failure or success. Placide Tempels is considered a pioneer of adaptation in modern times. He was a Flemish Franciscan missionary in Congo from 1933 to 1962 (with two breaks) and is well known for his adaptation to the Bantu worldview. Referring to spiritual and intellectual adaptation, the paper will answer the following questions: Was the adaptation of Placide Tempels successful? If it was or was not, why and in what way? The analysis will be linked to William Biernatzki's theory of root paradigms and meanings. To conclude, a connection will be made to the process of adaptation in international mission organizations today.     

Adaptation to rearranged eye-foot coordination

The generality of adaptation following three types of movements during prism exposure was investigated. The three exposure conditions consisted of (1) walking with prisms, (2) viewing leg movements through prisms, and (3) viewing arm movements through prisms. The results showed that changes in eye-foot coordination and egocentric localization occur following both (1) and (2). Exposure Conditions 2 and 3 both produce changes in eye-hand coordination; however, eye-foot coordination was found unaltered following (3).