颅脑手术戒毒的临床研究及伦理思考

经过近2年的病例追踪与资料整理,最新的阶段性报告结果显示:手术戒毒与已往传统的戒毒疗法相比,确实有明显的治疗效果,但同时也存在较多并发症,这项调查结果又将公众的注意力重新集中到手术戒毒上来.本文就手术戒毒的相关伦理问题进行了讨论.     

颅脑手术戒毒的哲学与伦理思考

颅脑手术戒毒这项新的医疗技术在社会上引起很大反响,最近被卫生部紧急叫停.从颅脑手术戒毒的历史、存在的问题、哲学及伦理方面进行反思是有必要的.把一项临床科研项目直接变换成一项临床服务项目,既未经严格科学论证也不符合伦理与法规要求.     

关于手术戒毒规范化开展的思考

吸毒成瘾是严重的医学和社会学问题.国内、外对吸毒成瘾采取的治疗方案由脱毒、防复吸和回归社会三个相互关联的方法构成.但收效甚微,复吸率居高不下.西安第四军医大学唐都医院神经外科在动物实验和借鉴以往经验的基础上,将立体定向技术用于毁损脑内与毒品心理依赖密切相关的关键位点的异常部分,对其异常功能进行调整,从而达到彻底戒毒的目的,取得了良好的疗效.本文介绍了手术戒毒在我国的发展历史,提出了规范化开展手术戒毒的建议.     

"开颅戒毒"的伦理困境

卫生部叫停"开颅戒毒"手术后,最紧要的工作应是:切实做好对人们健康权的保护工作,改变医患之间信息极不对称的现状,改善医学伦理委员会人员结构,依法规范专家资质,制定统一审查程序,明确审查行为的法律责任,以保障医疗工作更加安全.     

关于手术戒毒规范化开展的思考

吸毒成瘾是严重的医学和社会学问题。国内、外对吸毒成瘾采取的治疗方案由脱毒、防复吸和回归社会三个相互关联的方法构成。但收效甚微,复吸率居高不下。西安第四军医大学唐都医院神经外科在动物实验和借鉴以往经验的基础上,将立体定向技术用于毁损脑内与毒品心理依赖密切相关的关键位点的异常部分,对其异常功能进行调整,从而达到彻底戒毒的目的,取得了良好的疗效。本文介绍了手术戒毒在我国的发展历史,提出了规范化开展手术戒毒的建议。     

儿童虐待与戒毒动机：自我概念的中介效应

本文旨在探讨戒毒人群儿童虐待情况,以及儿童虐待、自我概念和戒毒动机之间的关系。采用儿童虐待问卷、田纳西自我概念量表和戒毒动机问卷对771名（男520,女251）正在戒毒的人员进行调查。结果发现：（1）强制戒毒人群的儿童虐待现象比较普遍（56.7%）,特别是躯体忽视和情感忽视;（2）儿童虐待与自我概念、戒毒动机呈显著负相关,自我概念与戒毒动机呈显著正相关;（3）自我概念在儿童虐待与戒毒动机间起部分中介作用。结论：治疗戒毒人群的心理成瘾,应评估其儿童虐待情况,针对有儿童虐待经历者,可通过构建积极自我概念的方式改善戒毒动机,进而提高戒毒成功率。     

"新农合"对农民收入公平性的影响研究

利用卫生经济学中的洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数分析河南省"新农合"试点县农民收入公平性的变化,评价"新农合"筹资、补偿以及医疗费用负担对农民收入公平性的影响.为新农合的推广和发展提供政策建议,使"新农合"这一中国特色的医疗保障模式为农民更好的服务.     

医学生"被非法行医"的伦理学悖论及法学思考

通过回顾发生在北京某医院实习医生参与患者手术和抢救而引发纠纷的案例,分析了医学生"被非法行医"的原因以及医学生实习过程中教学医院所面临的伦理及法律问题,并提出了解决问题的思路:完善相关法律和制度,重视患者的"知情同意权"以及创新教学模式以培养医学生.     

非常规货币政策的国际传导机制及其对中国经济的影响

当名义利率接近零下限约束时,常规货币政策的调节作用就受到了限制,在接近"流动性陷阱"的情况下,一国中央银行需要使用非常规货币政策工具来调节总需求。在开放经济中,一国的非常规货币政策也会通过国际金融和贸易渠道对它国产生影响。本文通过SVAR模型来研究美联储的非常规货币政策对中国宏观经济主要指标的影响。实证结果显示,美联储的非常规货币政策,在短期中使得人民币实际汇率升值,减小了我国的贸易顺差,推高了我国消费者物价指数,降低了我国的经济增长速度,同时使得长期资本流入的波动变大。本文的结果显示,美联储的非常规货币政策使我国宏观经济调控面临更大的外部压力。     

甘肃省204例强制隔离戒毒人员调查分析与对策探微

为了解吸毒人员的特点,积极探索符合强制隔离戒毒特点的工作模式与方式方法,同时为戒毒管理工作提供现实依据,对204名强制隔离戒毒人员(男性103名)采用自编问卷进行调查,对26名戒毒人员进行深度访谈。结果显示,18岁之前接触毒品的占12.7%,初次吸食毒品因为"好奇心"占47.1%,复吸的占77%,心瘾难除者占65.7%,戒毒人员出所后1~3个月复吸人员比例高达66%,保持操守关键因素中选解决就业、远离毒友和建立良好的家庭关系的占41.2%。最后提出相应对策:要从源头上防范和遏制毒品问题的滋生;转变戒毒理念,发展矫治能力;强化心理管理,工作突破创新;动员社会力量,加强项目研究;加强帮教,促进场所戒毒人员尽快融入社会。     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.