调强适形放射治疗的多学科整合

调强适形放射治疗是放射治疗100余年历史中的一个革命性进步,能使高剂量的立体分布适合外形非常不规则甚至怪异的肿瘤,调整靶区内诸点的输出剂量率,显著提高肿瘤放疗的疗效.近年计算机技术、放射物理学、放射生物学、分子生物学、影像学特别是功能性影像学的快速发展以及多门边缘学科之间的有机结合,为调强适形放射治疗提供在靶区三维精确模拟定位、立体定向定位摆位框架、逆向治疗计划系统、调强治疗机等方面的发展基础.调强适形放射治疗--多元化医学理论下的医疗方法将在学科交叉、综合发展中进一步巩固.     

非小细胞肺癌放疗时机和放疗方式的临床决策

放射治疗是非小细胞肺癌的主要治疗手段之一。大约有3／4的肺癌患者在疾病的不同时期需要做放射治疗。针对不同的患者可以选择根治性放疗、姑息性放疗、术前、术后、放化疗联合治疗等不同的治疗方式。从治疗技术上还可以选择适形、调强、立体定向放疗等。临床医生需要辨证地应用循证医学证据,针对不同的患者刺定合理的个体化治疗方案,以提高疗效。     

非小细胞肺癌放疗时机和放疗方式的临床决策

放射治疗是非小细胞肺癌的主要治疗手段之一.大约有3/4的肺癌患者在疾病的不同时期需要做放射治疗.针对不同的患者可以选择根治性放疗、姑息性放疗、术前、术后、放化疗联合治疗等不同的治疗方式.从治疗技术上还可以选择适形、调强、立体定向放疗等.临床医生需要辨证地应用循证医学证据,针对不同的患者制定合理的个体化治疗方案,以提高疗效.     

放疗诱发恶性肿瘤的临床研究与思考

放射治疗是目前许多恶性肿瘤的重要的有效治疗手段,但放射线本身具有诱发恶性肿瘤的远期效应。随着治疗手段的提高,长期生存的患者逐渐增多,放射诱发肿瘤的病例也在逐年增加,需要引起人们的重视。本文对放射治疗诱发第二恶性肿瘤进行综述和辩证思考。     

肿瘤综合治疗中的系统观

进入 2 0世纪之后 ,医学渐渐进入理性阶段。随着对肿瘤本质认识的不断深入 ,更由于肿瘤局部治疗方法的停滞不前 ,恶性肿瘤逐渐地被看成为一种全身性疾病。由此而来 ,肿瘤治疗观念便发生了明显的转向 ,肿瘤综合治疗观应运而生。纵观恶性肿瘤治疗方法的历史发展与衍变 ,不难看出 ,肿瘤外科学、肿瘤放射治疗学、肿瘤化学治疗学构成了现代肿瘤治疗学的三大支柱。三种手段互有特点 ,互为补充。从治疗效应看 ,外科手术和放射治疗都为局部治疗的方法。因此 ,肿瘤外科学家和放射肿瘤学家对肿瘤概念结构认识极为相似 ,两者都认为恶性肿瘤发生在局部 ,…     

放疗诱发恶性肿瘤的临床研究与思考

放射治疗是目前许多恶性肿瘤的重要的有效治疗手段,但放射线本身具有诱发恶性肿瘤的远期效应.随着治疗手段的提高,长期生存的患者逐渐增多,放射诱发肿瘤的病也在逐年增加,需要引起人们的重视.本文对放射治疗诱发第二恶性肿瘤进行综述和辩证思考.     

肿瘤放射治疗中的矛盾观

1用矛盾的普遍性去理解肿瘤的放射治疗 在肿瘤的放疗中始终存在着生长和抑制的矛盾,这是矛盾的普遍性.肿瘤是由过度自主性生长的机体组织演变而来的,所有的恶性肿瘤都有无限生长的特点和趋势,最终使机体过度消耗或功能受到损害而导致死亡[1],一旦发生这种特点或趋势就会伴随生命机体的始终.放射治疗就是为了消除肿瘤的这种威胁,保护机体的健康.放疗中应用的放射线所具有的共同放射生物学效应是引起细胞中遗传物质染色体中DNA损伤,从而导致细胞死亡[2].这种生物效应的表达可以从几小时、几天、几月到几年,这主要是与肿瘤的性质及不同的状态有关.组织都有修复损伤的能力,只是程度不同,一般规律是代谢越快,增生能力越强,修复能力也越强,肿瘤组织的特点是有很强的修复能力.肿瘤放射治疗就是在这种不断的杀伤与修复过程中完成最终杀灭肿瘤的目的.这种杀伤与修复矛盾存在于肿瘤放射治疗的始终,是肿瘤放射治疗基本原则的基础.     

放射生物学线性二次模型的哲学思考

放射生物学线性二次模型的哲学思考中山医科大学肿瘤医院（广州５１００６０）夏云飞，胡永红，张恩罴近２０年来，线性二次方程（Ｌｉｎｅａｒ—ｑｕａｔｒａｔｉｃｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ，Ｌ—Ｑ模型）或α—β方程在放射生物学的理论研究和临床放射治疗中已被广泛应用...     

放射治疗后复发性脑转移瘤的治疗抉择

立体定向放射外科(SRS)已经成为治疗脑转移瘤的一线选择,它既可用于全脑放射治疗(WBRT)后效果的提高,也可作为独立的治疗方案。当使用SRS作为一个单一的治疗方案,局部和远端的大脑复发率从73.0%到76.4%不等;当与WBRT联合使用时,复发率从27.0%到46.8%。作为系统性疗法改善,SRS治疗后,新发或复发脑转移瘤的患者有可能增加。关于补救治疗的安全性和有效性的证据是有限的,治疗方案的选择仍有争议。在本文中,笔者分析有关SRS治疗后复发和SRS治疗后新发脑转移瘤的发展,将对患者的每一个建议性方案及潜在的治疗策略进行讨论,其中包括再次SRS,手术切除,WBRT,分次立体定向放射治疗,化疗和支持治疗。     

从放射生物学角度辨析局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的放射治疗剂量

放射生物学理论指导下,通过不同肺癌细胞株的放射敏感性不同、不同肺腺癌亚分型化放疗反应不同、微环境与代谢因素影响肿瘤的放射杀灭效应、放化疗剂量不足造成残留细胞侵袭转移能力增强的反作用和放射损伤与修复等大量实验结论,论述局部晚期非小细胞肺癌同期放化疗剂量与最终效应取决于各种放射生物学因素、异质性、综合治疗措施等。所以,应该客观辩证分析,不过度拘泥于RTOG 0617结果的60Gy标准剂量限制,要在尽量减少正常组织损伤和保护重要器官基础上,予以个体化高剂量放疗,并指出标准剂量模式不适用于大分割放射治疗。     

Indikation zur strukturbezogenen Psychotherapie

The distinction of conflict processing and structure promoting psychotherapeutic approaches in the psychodynamic field is now common knowledge and has now been incorporated into the guideline comments. The differentiation of treatment presupposes theoretical knowledge of the dynamics of conflict and structure and corresponding thorough initial diagnostics. Based on these foundations an appropriate focus of therapy can be agreed with the patient and the therapy target can be set. This focussed working towards a joint target is especially important for psychodynamic psychotherapeutic treatment, which is of limited duration. The actively accompanying therapeutic process differs from older assumptions that positive developments on the foundation of a therapeutic relationship occur quasi automatically but possibly need a long time. Aspects of the treatment technique and the therapeutic attitude, estimation of the therapeutic development and typical age-related modifications in adolescents and older persons are discussed.     

The New Biology and its Impact in Biomedical Strategies Against HIV/AIDS

Abstract. The sequencing of the human genome and the initiation of the structural genomics projects have ushered in a new age of biology that involves multi‐lab, high‐cost projects with broad task‐oriented goals rather than the more conventional hypothesis‐driven approach of the past. The new biology has led to the development of new sets of tools for the scientist to use in the quest to solve mysteries of human disease, biomolecular structure‐function relationships, and other burning biological questions. Nevertheless, the impact of the new biology on the field of AIDS investigation has been minimal, predominantly because many of the tools in the HIV field of study were developed before the full advance of the new biology was felt in the biomedical community. Many of the high‐cost megaprojects that involve large technological advances and are marketed as projects of promise to the biomedical community are not likely to significantly impact the field of HIV/AIDS research and cannot serve as a substitute for direct funding to the HIV/AIDS scientists working for vaccine development, an understanding of mechanisms of disease causation, and new tools for therapeutic intervention.     

Words and Drugs: Same Mechanisms of Action?

The therapeutic effects of words, rituals and, more in general, of the whole psychosocial context around the patient, have been investigated over the past few years by using the placebo response as a model. Today we are in a good position to study all these complex psychological factors by using a physiological and neuroscientific approach that uses modern neurobiological tools to probe different brain functions. Since a placebo is represented by the whole ritual of the therapeutic act, the main concept that has emerged today is that words and rituals may modulate the same biochemical pathways that are modulated by drugs. Most of our knowledge about these mechanisms comes from the field of pain, and represents a biomedical, psychological and philosophical enterprise that is changing the way we approach and interpret medicine, psychology and human biology. If on the one hand we know some of the mechanisms of drug action in the central nervous system, on the other we can now understand how the therapist’s words may affect different physiological functions. In fact, the placebo effect and the therapist–patient relationship can be approached by using the same biochemical, cellular and physiological tools of the materia medica. Although the responses to the therapist’s words cannot be reduced merely to the action of a single drug, this represents an epochal transition, in which the distinction between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is progressively getting thinner, and which helps us overcome the old dichotomy between psychology and biology.     

超声心动图与心血管造影X线引导下先心病介入封堵治疗的比较

目前先天性心脏病介入治疗已成为介入心脏病学的新热点,而先心病介入治疗离不开影像学引导,目前临床上常用的影像学引导方式主要有超声心动图和心血管造影两种,本文针对两者优缺点,从治疗方式、疗效、费用等方面进行比较,为临床治疗思路提供借鉴。     

癌蛋白促凋亡现象引发的思考

肿瘤生物学中一个矛盾现象是:曾经被认为促进肿瘤生长增殖的癌蛋白,现在发现它可以引起肿瘤细胞自杀。自杀行为由癌蛋白促凋亡介导完成,MYC是其中的典型代表,癌蛋白的这种行为可能对肿瘤的发生发展具有重大意义,目前通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡治疗癌症是否完全合理,有待临床实践的进一步验证,今后的抗癌治疗应该辩证合理地看待肿瘤细胞凋亡。     

现代科学技术革命与肿瘤治疗的发展

通过对肿瘤的手术、放疗、化疗以及生物治疗这四大肿瘤治疗发展史的研究,揭示出现代科学技术革命对肿瘤治疗进展的巨大推动作用,辨证地展现:未来随着新技术的出现,肿瘤的治疗将一定有重大突破。     

Differential predictability of four dimensions of affect intensity

Individual differences in affect intensity are typically assessed with the Affect Intensity Measure (AIM). Previous factor analyses suggest that the AIM is comprised of four weakly correlated factors: Positive Affectivity, Negative Reactivity, Negative Intensity and Positive Intensity or Serenity. However, little data exist to show whether its four factors relate to other measures differently enough to preclude use of the total scale score. The present study replicated the four-factor solution and found that subscales derived from the four factors correlated differently with criterion variables that assess personality domains, affective dispositions, and cognitive patterns that are associated with emotional reactions. The results show that use of the total AIM score can obscure relationships between specific features of affect intensity and other variables and suggest that researchers should examine the individual AIM subscales.     

Memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: properties of voluntary and involuntary, traumatic and nontraumatic autobiographical memories in people with and without posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms

One hundred fifteen undergraduates rated 15 word-cued memories and their 3 most negatively stressful, 3 most positive, and 7 most important events and completed tests of personality and depression. Eighty-nine also recorded involuntary memories online for 1 week. In the first 3-way comparisons needed to test existing theories, comparisons were made of memories of stressful events versus control events and involuntary versus voluntary memories in people high versus low in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. For all participants, stressful memories had more emotional intensity, more frequent voluntary and involuntary retrieval, but not more fragmentation. For all memories, participants with greater PTSD symptom severity showed the same differences. Involuntary memories had more emotional intensity and less centrality to the life story than voluntary memories. Meeting the diagnostic criteria for traumatic events had no effect, but the emotional responses to events did. In 533 undergraduates, correlations among measures were replicated and the Negative Intensity factor of the Affect Intensity Measure correlated with PTSD symptom severity. No special trauma mechanisms were needed to account for the results, which are summarized by the autobiographical memory theory of PTSD.     

Emotional intensity predicts autobiographical memory experience

College students generated autobiographical memories from distinct emotional categories that varied in valence (positive vs. negative) and intensity (high vs. low). They then rated various perceptual, cognitive, and emotional properties for each memory. The distribution of these emotional memories favored a vector model over a circumplex model. For memories of all specific emotions, intensity accounted for significantly more variance in autobiographical memory characteristics than did valence or age of the memory. In two additional experiments, we examined multiple memories of emotions of high intensity and positive or negative valence and of positive valence and high or low intensity. Intensity was a more consistent predictor of autobiographical memory properties than was valence or the age of the memory in these experiments as well. The general effects of emotion on autobiographical memory properties are due primarily to intensity differences in emotional experience, not to benefits or detriments associated with a specific valence.