Methodische Grundlagen der Kriminalprognose

Zusammenfassung   Gesetzestexte sehen bei bestimmten strafrechtlichen Entscheidungen die Unterstützung des Richters durch Prognosegutachter vor. Ihre Aufgabe ist es, die Rechtsentscheidung in ihren prognostischen Aspekten auf eine rationale, wissenschaftlich fundierte Grundlage zu stellen. Methodisch lassen sich dabei wissenschaftlich fundierte Prognosen auf unterschiedlichen Wegen erstellen. Der eine Weg beruht auf empirisch gesicherten Erfahrungen über die Rückf?lligkeit von T?tern und über die die Rückfallwahrscheinlichkeit beeinflussenden Tat- und T?termerkmale. Prognosemethoden nach diesem Modell bemühen sich, diese Erfahrungen auch für individualprognostische Zwecke nutzbar zu machen. Der andere Weg führt über eine systematische retrospektive Analyse der individuellen Ursachen der bisherigen Delinquenz des T?ters und schreibt diese individuellen Bezüge prognostisch fort. Prognosemethoden nach diesem Modell bemühen sich vor allem, den erforderlichen Urteilsbildungsprozess zu systematisieren und eine hinreichende Beurteilungsgrundlage zu gew?hrleisten. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt beide Ans?tze in ihren methodischen Grundzügen und wissenschaftlichen Bew?hrungen vor und diskutiert ihre jeweiligen Vorzüge und Begrenzungen im Kontext der Mindestanforderungen für Prognosegutachten im Strafrecht.      

Leugnen der Tat und Tatbearbeitung in der prognostischen Begutachtung

The perpetrator’s examination of his own criminal actions seems to be very important for the risk assessment by the German criminal justice and psychological and psychiatric experts. At the same time other risk factors like general dissociality, the structure of the future neighbourhood, the patterns of social bindings, and personal core competencies seem to be more important for the prevention of criminal recidivism. Anyway the analysis of one’s own criminal offence may enlighten the individual attitudes and behavioral problems and thus may become an important domain of cognitive restructuring. If a convict still denies his deed this not necessarily makes a parole impossible. Denial may indicate a general hostility against the law, but in other cases it is caused by overwhelming shame and indicates positive bindings to social norms.     

Begutachtung von Traumatisierungen

The assessment of trauma related-disorders belongs to the most controversial and medically as well as juridically most broadly discussed fields. Accordingly, the juridical basis and clinical implications are presented and discussed. In doing so, among other things the principles of the causality judgement, the damage-related factors and those damage-independent factors which have to be considered are described. They are discussed in the context of social-juridical and insurance-juridical contexts. Some specific features of the clinical investigation situation are shown.     

Standards nichtstrafrechtlicher psychiatrischer Begutachtung

The introduction of the certificate for forensic psychiatry of the German Association of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics (DGPPN) in 2000 was a significant contribution to raising awareness of the formal and substantive requirements for forensic psychiatric evaluations and to develop a systematic quality improvement in forensic psychiatric expert services. By the special dominance of the certification in the field of penal law assessment, this proved to be problematic for many predominantly non-penal experts. This led to a requirement to develop a qualification for the non-penal expert opinions. In particular the increasing specialization of the psychiatric disciplines and the diversity of the legal issues and framework require a continuing education in the field of non-penal psychiatric assessments. Substantive and formal requirements are discussed and a continuous process of quality improvement and assurance is outlined. Last but not least a plea is made for close interdisciplinary exchange with the jurisprudence and the courts in the context of quality circles.     

Begutachtung bei sozialrechtlichen Fragen

Expert opinions in social law are extraordinarily frequent. The expert opinion is the decisive basis for a decision whether a social benefit has to be granted. The importance of social legal assessment for those affected and for society in general is substantial and psychiatric experts carry a high responsibility for the expert opinions in social law. In order to be able to justify this responsibility, psychiatric experts must possess expert knowledge with respect to the current scientific debate in the respective field as well as the individual fields of social law and the various problems associated with them. This article describes the examination and structure of expert opinions. The problem of the so-called critical examination of the will and the problem of malingering are discussed. The important fields in social law are described.     

Das Leben der Wildente in der Zeit der Paarung

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Zukunft der Psychotherapie in der Psychiatrie

The conceptual development of the German mental health system can only be understood against the background of the specific historical development process; therefore, the emigration of psychodynamic psychotherapists during the Third Reich as well as the complicated reintegration of psychotherapy into psychiatry during the postwar period are of particular relevance. The current discussion concerning the relationship of psychiatry and psychotherapy is characterized by the development of new techniques and methods and the concept of modular psychiatry, whereas the traditional complex psychotherapeutic procedures are becoming less important. In the future, the development of clinical and scientific research should focus on psychotherapy in old age as well as adolescence psychotherapy, the combination of psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment and issues concerning chronic courses as well as resistance to therapy.     

Themen der Ausbildungsforschung in der Psychotherapie

This review is based upon an appraisal of training research in psychotherapy showing that many questions are still unanswered. By means of a schema for the organization of research results that differentiates input, process and output variables, unselected results are summarized relating to issues such as the choice of the psychotherapeutic profession, pre-experiences of candidates, the selection of an orientation, personality factors, characteristics of training institutes, quality standards, as well as the organisation and structure of training programs. Process oriented studies mainly focus on the operationalisation and development of skills, the significance, the effects of and the satisfaction with training components. Finally, the output category comprises results related to graduation, to professional development during and following training and to the development of competence and its prediction.     

Stellenwert der Psychotherapie in der Allgemeinmedizin

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit dem interdisziplin?ren Einsatz von Psychotherapie in der allgemeinmedizinischen Betreuung von Patienten mit psychischen Problemen oder Krisen. Bekanntlich ist es nur einem kleinen Teil der Patienten von Allgemeinmedizinern m?glich, psychotherapeutische Hilfe in Anspruch zu nehmen. Eine zus?tzliche psychotherapeutische Ausbildung des Hausarztes kann die Qualit?t der Patientenbetreuung signifikant verbessern. Zudem k?nnen nicht nur die Patienten davon profitieren; psychotherapeutische Ausbildung und Kommunikationstraining stellen eine wertvolle Bereicherung des Arztberufes und eine ernstzunehmende Burn-out-Prophylaxe dar.     

Zur Bedeutung der Psychoendokrinologie in der Psychosomatik

Ohne Zusammenfassung