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1.
Formulas are developed for estimating a point-biserialr or a tetrachoricr from an obtained phi coefficient. The estimate of a tetrachoricr, which is calledr
φ, is shown to be equivalent to that obtained from first-order use of the tetrachoricr series. A tabulation is made of corrections needed to maker
φ equivalent numerically to the tetrachoricr. In spite of its greater generality than estimates of tetrachoricr by previous methods, there are limitations, which are pointed out. 相似文献
2.
Niels G. Waller 《Psychometrika》2011,76(4):634-649
In linear multiple regression, “enhancement” is said to occur when R
2=b′r>r′r, where b is a p×1 vector of standardized regression coefficients and r is a p×1 vector of correlations between a criterion y and a set of standardized regressors, x. When p=1 then b≡r and enhancement cannot occur. When p=2, for all full-rank R
xx≠I, R
xx=E[xx′]=V
Λ
V′ (where V
Λ
V′ denotes the eigen decomposition of R
xx; λ
1>λ
2), the set B1:={bi:R2=bi¢ri=ri¢ri;0 < R2 £ 1}\boldsymbol{B}_{1}:=\{\boldsymbol{b}_{i}:R^{2}=\boldsymbol{b}_{i}'\boldsymbol{r}_{i}=\boldsymbol{r}_{i}'\boldsymbol{r}_{i};0R2 £ 1;R2lp £ ri¢ri < R2}0p≥3 (and λ
1>λ
2>⋯>λ
p
), both sets contain an uncountably infinite number of vectors. Geometrical arguments demonstrate that B
1 occurs at the intersection of two hyper-ellipsoids in ℝ
p
. Equations are provided for populating the sets B
1 and B
2 and for demonstrating that maximum enhancement occurs when b is collinear with the eigenvector that is associated with λ
p
(the smallest eigenvalue of the predictor correlation matrix). These equations are used to illustrate the logic and the underlying
geometry of enhancement in population, multiple-regression models. R code for simulating population regression models that exhibit enhancement of any degree and any number of predictors is included
in Appendices A and B. 相似文献
3.
Jesse M. Crosby Scott C. Bates Michael P. Twohig 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2011,30(2):117-129
A relationship between perfectionism and religiosity has been suggested in the literature, and this relationship is clarified
further when the adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of both constructs are compared. Literature in both areas implicates
the idea of a rigid and inflexible personality style that may explain why well meaning high standards can be associated with
negative outcomes such as perfectionism. This investigation examined the relationship of perfectionism and religiosity, using
adaptive and maladaptive dimensions, as mediated by psychological inflexibility. Validated measures of perfectionism, religiosity,
and psychological inflexibility were given to 376 undergraduate college students in an anonymous online survey. Adaptive perfectionism
(high standards) was found to be significantly correlated (r = .26, p < .01, two-tailed) with adaptive religiosity (intrinsic orientation). Maladaptive perfectionism (discrepancy) was found to
be significantly correlated (r = .13, p < .05, two-tailed) with maladaptive religiosity (extrinsic orientation). Psychological inflexibility was found to be significantly
correlated with the maladaptive dimensions of both perfectionism and religiosity. It was also shown to mediate the relationship
between maladaptive (extrinsic) religiosity and maladaptive (discrepancy) perfectionism. Implications and future directions
are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Martin Saebu Marit Sørensen Hallgeir Halvari 《Journal of applied social psychology》2013,43(3):612-625
We tested a self‐determination theory (SDT) process model during a 3 week physical activity rehabilitation stay among young adults with a physical disability (N = 44, Mage = 24.7, SD = 5.1). As hypothesized, perceived autonomy support positively predicted needs satisfaction at the end of the stay (r = .38, p < .01). Further, needs satisfaction was positively linked to changes in autonomous motivation for physical activity (r = .47, p < .01). Both changes in autonomous motivation and self‐efficacy were associated with physical activity increases over the stay (r = .57, p < .01 and r = .47, p < .01, respectively). Bootstrapping results supported the SDT process model, indicating a support for a development toward more self‐determined motivation in rehabilitation. 相似文献
5.
Mandy Robbins Leslie J. Francis Bethan Edwards 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(2):89-94
The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) was developed by Hills and Argyle (2002) to provide a more accessible equivalent measure of the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI). The aim of the present study was
to examine the internal consistency reliability, and construct validity of this new instrument alongside the Eysenckian dimensional
model of personality. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire was completed by a sample of 131 undergraduate students together
with the abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The data demonstrated good internal consistency
reliability (alpha = .92) and good construct validity in terms of positive association with extraversion (r = .38 p < .001) and negative association with neuroticism (r = −.57 p < .001). The kind of happiness measured by the OHQ is clearly associated with stable extraversion. 相似文献
6.
Augustine Osman John E. Williams Kelly Espenschade Peter M. Gutierrez Jennifer R. Bailey Osman Chowdhry 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(3):202-214
The psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) were examined in adolescent psychiatric
inpatient samples. In Study 1 (n = 287), confirmatory factor analyses provided satisfactory fit for the four-factor (comparative fit index; CFI = 0.856) and
higher-order (CFI = 0.854) solutions. Using parcels as items, the fit of the four-factor model was improved substantially
(CFI = 0.935). Next, in the bifactor analyses, support was attained for a model that included a general factor and four domain
specific subfactors. In Study 2 (n = 195 inpatient youths), the MASC showed good scale reliability and concurrent validity. Results of the receiver operating
characteristic curve and binary logistic regression analyses provided adequate evidence for discriminative validity. In Study
3 (n = 40), test–retest reliability of scores on the MASC-10 scale over a 3-week period was adequate (r
tt = 0.83, p < 0.001) for children ages 8 to 11 years. 相似文献
7.
Miguel Ángel Muñoz Ma Isabel Viedma-del-Jesus Ma Carmen Fernández-Santaella Ma Isabel Peralta-Ramírez Antonio Cepeda-Benito Jaime Vila 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(1):93-103
Smoking cues that increase craving are subjectively described by smokers as pleasant rather than unpleasant. However, it remains
controversial whether the motivational nature of these smoking cues is consistent with an appetitive or aversion-relief model
of tobacco craving. In the two studies presented here, the Bioinformational model of emotion proposed by Lang was used to
address this issue. In study I, 40 smokers (10 males) assessed a set of tobacco-related pictures and a subset of standard
pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures in order to examine how craving relates to the three general dimensions of emotion:
valence, arousal, and dominance. Results showed that the tobacco-related images were all assessed as appetitive, and craving
was correlated positively with valence (r = .863, p < .0001) and arousal (r = .923, p < .0001) and negatively with dominance (r = −.504, p < .002). In study II, 24 female abstinent smokers were examined using Lang’s startle modulation paradigm in order to assess
whether tobacco-related pictures, compared to standard pleasant and unpleasant ones, inhibited the startle response, consistent
with an appetitive model of tobacco craving. Contrary to expectations, the startle response during visualization of tobacco-related
pictures was more similar in magnitude to the response to unpleasant than to pleasant images, a finding inconsistent with
an appetitive model of tobacco craving. 相似文献
8.
We add a limited but useful form of quantification to Coalition Logic, a popular formalism for reasoning about cooperation
in game-like multi-agent systems. The basic constructs of Quantified Coalition Logic (QCL) allow us to express such properties as “every coalition satisfying property P can achieve φ” and “there exists a coalition C satisfying property P such that C can achieve φ”. We give an axiomatisation of QCL, and show that while it is no more expressive than Coalition Logic, it is nevertheless
exponentially more succinct. The complexity of QCL model checking for symbolic and explicit state representations is shown
to be no worse than that of Coalition Logic, and satisfiability for QCL is shown to be no worse than satisfiability for Coalition
Logic. We illustrate the formalism by showing how to succinctly specify such social choice mechanisms as majority voting,
which in Coalition Logic require specifications that are exponentially long in the number of agents. 相似文献
9.
Summary Data obtained in four sets of experiments involving pitch, heaviness, greyness, and circular area were re-analyzed. It was found (1) that similarity estimates S
ijare a power function of stimulus ratios S
ijwith the exponent n
s,(2) that ratio estimates q
ijare also a power function of stimulus ratios S
ijwith the exponent n
q(i.e., Stevens' power law), (3) that the exponent n of similarity estimates as power function of ratio estimates is equal to the ratio n
s/n
q,and (4) that, inversely, the exponent m of ratio estimates as power function of similarities is equal to the ratio n
q/n
s.The investigation was supported by a grant from the Swedish Council for Social Science Research. 相似文献
10.
Seven prospective studies of health behaviours containing eight prospective datasets testing the moderating role of intention stability on intention–behaviour and past behaviour–behaviour relationships were examined within the context of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. The measure of intention stability was based on lack of change in intentions between the two measurement time points. Across different behaviours, samples and time frames more stable intentions were associated with intentions at time 1 that were stronger predictors of behaviour at time 2. Intention stability did not consistently moderate the past behaviour–behaviour relationship. Across studies the frequency-weighted mean correlation between intentions and behaviour was substantially greater for stable (r +?=?0.60) compared to unstable (r +?=?0.27) intentions (Z difference?=?6.65, p?<?0.001). The past behaviour–behaviour correlation was also stronger for stable (r +?=?0.50, p?<?0.001) compared to unstable (r+ ?=?0.34, p?<?0.001) intentions (Z difference?=?3.12, p?<?0.01). Perceived behavioural control was the variable most strongly related to stable intentions. Implications for understanding the role of health cognitions in the performance of health behaviour are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Jaakko Hintikka 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2012,41(2):505-517
In a definition (∀x)((xєr)↔D[x]) of the set r, the definiens D[x] must not depend on the definiendum r. This implies that all quantifiers in D[x] are independent of r and of (∀x). This cannot be implemented in the traditional first-order logic, but can be expressed in IF logic. Violations of such independence
requirements are what created the typical paradoxes of set theory. Poincaré’s Vicious Circle Principle was intended to bar
such violations. Russell nevertheless misunderstood the principle; for him a set a can depend on another set b only if (bєa) or (b ⊆ a). Likewise, the truth of an ordinary first-order sentence with the G?del number of r is undefinable in Tarki’s sense because the quantifiers of the definiens depend unavoidably on r. 相似文献
12.
LetL be any modal or tense logic with the finite model property. For eachm, definer
L
(m) to be the smallest numberr such that for any formulaA withm modal operators,A is provable inL if and only ifA is valid in everyL-model with at mostr worlds. Thus, the functionr
L
determines the size of refutation Kripke models forL. In this paper, we will give an estimation ofr
L
(m) for some linear modal and tense logicsL. 相似文献
13.
A commutative BCK-algebra with the relative cancellation property is a commutative BCK-algebra (X;*,0) which satisfies the condition: if a ≤ x, a ≤ y and x * a = y * a, then x = y. Such BCK-algebras form a variety, and the category of these BCK-algebras is categorically equivalent to the category of
Abelian ℓ-groups whose objects are pairs (G, G
0), where G is an Abelian ℓ-group, G
0 is a subset of the positive cone generating G
+ such that if u, v ∈ G
0, then 0 ∨ (u - v) ∈ G
0, and morphisms are ℓ-group homomorphisms h: (G, G
0) → (G′,G′0) with f(G
0) ⫅ G′0. Our methods in particular cases give known categorical equivalences of Cornish for conical BCK-algebras and of Mundici for
bounded commutative BCK-algebras (= MV-algebras).
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
A new questionnaire, the Family Impact of Pain Scale (FIPS), was designed in order to assess the effects of chronic pain on
the significant other and family of the chronic pain patient. The FIPS is a 10-item self-report questionnaire examining the
effect of pain on domestic duties, social functioning and communication within the family. It was administered to 177 chronic
pain patients in two different samples to investigate its psychometric properties. Internal reliability (α = .94) and test–retest
reliability (r = 0.79) were high. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a two-factor solution, relating to physical limitations and difficulties
with communication. Construct validity was confirmed by significant Pearson correlations with pain intensity, pain distress,
mood and the use of pain coping skills (r = −0.22–0.74, all at p < .05). Outcome data also showed that the measure is sensitive to the effects of a cognitive behavioural pain management
intervention. 相似文献
15.
Yoshihito Tanaka 《Studia Logica》2007,86(1):111-131
It is known that for any subdirectly irreducible finite Heyting algebra A and any Heyting algebra B, A is embeddable into a quotient algebra of B, if and only if Jankov’s formula χ
A
for A is refuted in B. In this paper, we present an infinitary extension of the above theorem given by Jankov. More precisely, for any cardinal
number κ, we present Jankov’s theorem for homomorphisms preserving infinite meets and joins, a class of subdirectly irreducible
complete κ-Heyting algebras and κ-infinitary logic, where a κ-Heyting algebra is a Heyting algebra A with # ≥ κ and κ-infinitary
logic is the infinitary logic such that for any set Θ of formulas with # Θ ≥ κ, ∨Θ and ∧Θ are well defined formulas. 相似文献
16.
Health-related Internet use has grown rapidly, yet little research has considered how health anxious individuals use the Internet for this purpose. Our aim was to examine the relationships between health anxiety and the extent of, reasons for, and consequences of health-related Internet usage in university students (n = 255). Responses on a purpose-made Internet use questionnaire were correlated with health anxiety scores; multiple regression analyses controlling for depression and anxiety were also conducted. Health anxiety positively correlated with (all ps < .01): frequency of health-related searching (rs = .163), proportion of health-related information sought (rs = .200), time spent online for health purposes (rs = .166), and number of searches for both illness (rs = .453) and wellness (rs = .208) information. Health anxiety further positively correlated with advantages perceived in health-related Internet use (rs = .183), heightened tension (rs = .364) and relief (rs = .174) post-search, and perceived doctor disadvantages (rs = .306), yet a greater likelihood to visit a doctor post-search (rs = .217). Health anxiety also correlated with six measures of possible addiction to using the Internet for health purposes (rs range = .171 to .366, all ps < .01). Some (including several potentially dysfunctional) aspects of health-related Internet use correlate with health anxiety. Research evaluating the possible role of Internet use in the development and maintenance of health anxiety is warranted. 相似文献
17.
There is increasing interest in the role that manipulability plays in processing objects. To date, Magnié, Besson, Poncet,
and Dolisi’s (2003) manipulability ratings, based on the degree to which objects can be uniquely pantomimed, have been the
reference point for many studies. However, these ratings do not fully capture some relevant dimensions of manipulability,
including whether an object is graspable and the extent to which functional motor associations above and beyond graspability
are present. To address this, we collected ratings of these dimensions, in addition to ratings of familiarity and age of acquisition
(AoA), for a set of 320 black-and-white photographs of objects. Familiarity and AoA ratings were highly correlated with previously
reported ratings of the same dimensions (r =.853, p<.001, and r=.771, p<.001, respectively), validating the present norms. Grasping and functional use ratings, in contrast, were more moderately
correlated with Magnié et al.’s pantomime manipulability ratings (r=.507, p<.001). These results were taken as evidence that the new manipulability ratings collected in this research capture distinct
aspects of object manipulability. The complete stimuli and norms from this study may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
18.
Farrah N. Greene Bruce F. Chorpita A. Aukahi Austin 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(4):405-411
This study sought to clarify the relation of anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation in children and adolescents by examining
these variables in the context of depression and negative affect. As outlined in the tripartite model of anxiety and depression,
negative affectivity is common to both emotional constructs; therefore negative affectivity may best explain the relation
of each to suicidal ideation. Self report measures of generalized anxiety, depression, negative affectivity, and suicidal
ideation were assessed in a primarily externalizing sample of children ages 7–18. Results suggested that the relation between
anxiety and suicidal ideation was best accounted for by depression, not negative affectivity. Results also suggested that
negative affectivity was associated with suicidal ideation but did not account for the relations among anxiety, depression,
and suicidal ideation. Further, depression, negative affect, and anxiety all significantly contributed to the prediction of
suicidal ideation scores (r
2
= .307, p < .01). 相似文献
19.
A quasi-nonmetric method for multidimensional scaling VIA an extended euclidean model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An Extended Two-Way Euclidean Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) model which assumes both common and specific dimensions is described and contrasted with the standard (Two-Way) MDS model. In this Extended Two-Way Euclidean model then stimuli (or other objects) are assumed to be characterized by coordinates onR common dimensions. In addition each stimulus is assumed to have a dimension (or dimensions) specific to it alone. The overall distance between objecti and objectj then is defined as the square root of the ordinary squared Euclidean distance plus terms denoting the specificity of each object. The specificity,s
j
, can be thought of as the sum of squares of coordinates on those dimensions specific to objecti, all of which have nonzero coordinatesonly for objecti. (In practice, we may think of there being just one such specific dimension for each object, as this situation is mathematically indistinguishable from the case in which there are more than one.)We further assume that
ij
=F(d
ij
) +e
ij
where
ij
is the proximity value (e.g., similarity or dissimilarity) of objectsi andj,d
ij
is the extended Euclidean distance defined above, whilee
ij
is an error term assumed i.i.d.N(0, 2).F is assumed either a linear function (in the metric case) or a monotone spline of specified form (in the quasi-nonmetric case). A numerical procedure alternating a modified Newton-Raphson algorithm with an algorithm for fitting an optimal monotone spline (or linear function) is used to secure maximum likelihood estimates of the paramstatistics) can be used to test hypotheses about the number of common dimensions, and/or the existence of specific (in addition toR common) dimensions.This approach is illustrated with applications to both artificial data and real data on judged similarity of nations. 相似文献
20.
Fumiko Samejima 《Psychometrika》1973,38(2):221-233
Birnbaum's three-parameter logistic model for the multiple-choice item in the latent trait theory is considered with respect
to the item response information function and the unique maximum condition. It is clarified that with models of knowledge
or random guessing nature, which include the three-parameter logistic model, the unique maximum condition is not satisfied
for the correct answer, and the item response information function is negative for the interval (− ∞,θ
g
). It is suggested that we should useθ
g
as a criterion in selecting optimal items for a specified group of examinees, so that we can practically avoid the possibility
of non-unique maxima of the likelihood function on the response pattern given by an examinee in the group.
The work described in this paper was partially done while the author was at University of New Brunswick, Canada, in 1968–1970,
supported by NRC Grant APA-345 from National Research Council of Canada. 相似文献