实验设计:一种非模式的方法

实验设计通常被当作一种种设计模式．这种方法可称之为实验设计的模式方法。但本文认为,这种常用的方法事实上存在着不少缺点。于此．本文尝试提出了一种新的实验设计方法——实验设计的变量方法。实验设计的变量方法的基本思想是．从实验研究的问题出发,根据实验中变量的性质或特点确定实验设计的具体内容。本文最后讨论了实验设计变量方法的优越性。     

大学生人际冲突行为及其与心理健康的关系

人际冲突是影响大学生人际关系和心理健康的重要因素。 该研究旨在了解大学生人际冲突行为的现况,探讨不同背景变量的大学生人际冲突行为的差异情形,以及大学生人际冲突行为与心理健康的关联性。根据研究所得提出结论与建议,为大学生心理健康教育提供依据和参考。     

Problems in the measurement of vocational maturity

Problems posed by the measurement of vocational maturity are discussed. One is the choice of an appropriate approach to the construction of vocational maturity measures, and another is how to demonstrate that a developmental variable has been measured. A combined rational-empirical methodology is proposed as a possible solution to these problems, and a model of vocational maturity is formulated which can be used as a conceptual frame of reference for constructing theoretically meaningful and psychometrically valid measures of the variables.     

公平敏感性研究述评

公平敏感性是基于对Adams公平理论的批评提出来的,反映的是人们在公平问题上的个体差异性。该文首先对公平敏感性概念的提出与修正进行了回顾,并介绍了公平敏感性的测量方法和分类标准;然后分析了公平敏感性对于结果变量的直接及调节效应,个人及社会文化因素对公平敏感性的影响,并介绍了公平敏感性的跨文化比较;最后指出该领域未来的研究应着重澄清对概念理解的差异,改进分类标准,加强对公平敏感性影响因素以及中国人公平敏感性的研究     

工作－家庭冲突的前因、后果及干预策略

随着劳动力结构与工作特点的巨大变化,工作－家庭冲突问题日益突出。国内外研究主要从工作、家庭与个体三个层面对工作－家庭冲突的前因变量、后果变量及干预策略进行了深入探讨。前因变量主要包括工作与家庭层面的压力、特点,性别等;后果变量主要涉及个体的工作家庭满意感、组织承诺、离职和心身健康;干预策略涉及家庭友好政策和个体应对方式等。作者认为今后研究可以在工作－家庭冲突积极面、跨文化研究等方面进行突破     

Antecedents of employees' mental health—The role of career and work satisfaction

It was hypothesized that individual and situational variables, as a whole, will show stronger relationships with work-related attitudes than with mental health indices. Work-related attitudes, on the other hand, were expected to contribute more strongly to mental health than the individual and situational variables. Results obtained from two groups of staff professionals and retail store managers, using primarily questionnaire data, supported these hypotheses. Career and work satisfaction emerged as the strongest contributors to mental health. Situational variables such as job characteristics, supervisory style, and pay related more strongly to the attitudinal variables than to mental health. This pattern suggests that career and work satisfaction may serve as intervening variables in the relationship between situational variables and mental health.     

Power and sample size calculations for multivariate linear models with random explanatory variables

This article considers the problem of power and sample size calculations for normal outcomes within the framework of multivariate linear models. The emphasis is placed on the practical situation that not only the values of response variables for each subject are just available after the observations are made, but also the levels of explanatory variables cannot be predetermined before data collection. Using analytic justification, it is shown that the proposed methods extend the existing approaches to accommodate the extra variability and arbitrary configurations of the explanatory variables. The major modification involves the noncentrality parameters associated with the F approximations to the transformations of Wilks likelihood ratio, Pillai trace and Hotelling-Lawley trace statistics. A treatment of multivariate analysis of covariance models is employed to demonstrate the distinct features of the proposed extension. Monte Carlo simulation studies are conducted to assess the accuracy using a child’s intellectual development model. The results update and expand upon current work in the literature.The author wishes to thank the associate editor and the referees for comments which improve the paper considerably. This research was partially supported by a grant from the Natural Science Council of Taiwan.     

Three-Mode Component Analysis with Crisp or Fuzzy Partition of Units

A new methodology is proposed for the simultaneous reduction of units, variables, and occasions of a three-mode data set. Units are partitioned into a reduced number of classes, while, simultaneously, components for variables and occasions accounting for the largest common information for the classification are identified. The model is a constrained three-mode factor analysis and it can be seen as a generalization of the REDKM model proposed by De Soete and Carroll for two-mode data. The least squares fitting problem is mathematically formalized as a constrained problem in continuous and discrete variables. An iterative alternating least squares algorithm is proposed to give an efficient solution to this minimization problem in the crisp and fuzzy classification context. The performances of the proposed methodology are investigated by a simulation study comparing our model with other competing methodologies. Different procedures for starting the proposed algorithm have also been tested. A discussion of some interesting differences in the results follows. Finally, an application to real data illustrates the ability of the proposed model to provide substantive insights into the data complexities.     

Age,and midcareer crisis: An empirical study of academics

This study develops an empirical basis for examining the midcareer crisis/ transition period of academic staff surveyed by questionnaire in four Australian Universities and Colleges. A total of 672 usable returns were obtained, representing a response rate of 52% of the academic staff. Principal components and factor analysis were used to establish latent social-role variables. Analysis of variance and covariance was applied using the latent social-role variables as dependent variables and occupational attributes such as age, sex, etc., as independent variables. The variable age was isolated from the larger study in this paper to illustrate empirically a midcareer crisis period for the population studied which is consistent with the general literature on midcareer crisis/transition.     

A configural approach to the use of the strong vocational interest blank with student engineers

SVIB profiles of 1169 freshmen entering a college of engineering were grouped according to total occupational scale profile similarity into 28 code types. Mean scores or percentages for the individuals in each code type were compared to base rate values for income variables including ability, personality, and socioeconomic data and outcome variables including academic progress, choice of major, counsel-seeking behavior, and place of residence. The data for four code types were presented together with examples of how the results might be used by a counselor. The investigators concluded that SVIB profile types can be useful in acting as moderator variables to predict student characteristics, and that total profile analysis of the SVIB occupational scale merits further attention.     

Generalized Structured Component Analysis with Latent Interactions

Generalized structured component analysis (GSCA) is a component-based approach to structural equation modeling. In practice, researchers may often be interested in examining the interaction effects of latent variables. However, GSCA has been geared only for the specification and testing of the main effects of variables. Thus, an extension of GSCA is proposed to effectively deal with various types of interactions among latent variables. In the proposed method, a latent interaction is defined as a product of interacting latent variables. As a result, this method does not require the construction of additional indicators for latent interactions. Moreover, it can easily accommodate both exogenous and endogenous latent interactions. An alternating least-squares algorithm is developed to minimize a single optimization criterion for parameter estimation. A Monte Carlo simulation study is conducted to investigate the parameter recovery capability of the proposed method. An application is also presented to demonstrate the empirical usefulness of the proposed method.     

A Review on Consumer External Search: Amount and Determinants

Consumer external search continues to be a fruitful research area. The bivariate relationships between a number of variables and the central construct, amount of information search, have been proposed, theorized, and empirically tested in the literature. This paper extensively examines the current status and importance of consumer information search with close attention on empirical findings on the subject. While some research findings converge on the bivariate relationship between some variables and amount of information search, e.g., a positive relationship between perceived risk and search effort, some studies found conflicting results on the relationship between other variables and the central construct. There are also some non-linear relationships found between a few variables such as experience and the degree of search. Some hypotheses are also proposed and discussed.     

Effects of career orientation on retirement attitudes and retirement planning

The impact of career orientation and demographic variables on retirement attitudes, intended age of retirement, and retirement preparation is examined among a sample of university employees. Results indicate that occupational status is associated with unique patterns of career orientation as well as differences in anticipated age of retirement. Career orientation variables are observed to be stronger predictors than demographic characteristics of retirement attitudes, while the demographic factors are found to be more efficient in predicting retirement age and level of preparation. Use of career orientation variables in the retirement preparation process is discussed.     

Environments as reinforcer systems in the study of job satisfaction

This paper examined differences in the degree to which fifteen specific sources of job satisfaction were related to and predictive of the overall satisfaction of department chairmen in the six model environments proposed by Holland (1973). The fifteen specific sources of job satisfaction were regressed on overall satisfaction, separately for chairmen in each environment, through the use of incremental stepwise multiple regression procedures. The results indicated that the overall satisfaction of chairmen in these six environments was differentially related to unique weightings and combinations of the fifteen predictor variables. It was concluded that environments, composed of essentially similar groups of people in different organizations, serve as job satisfaction reinforcer systems in a manner similar to organizations as illustrated by Dawis.     

DO SITUATIONAL VARIABLES ACT AS SUBSTANTIVE CAUSES OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE VARIABLES? TWO LARGE-SCALE TESTS OF “COMMON CAUSE” MODELS

James, Demaree, Mulaik, and Ladd (1992) proposed that situational variables may act as substantive ("common") causes of relationships between individual difference variables as well as statistical artifacts (i.e., measurement unreliability) associated with these variables, thus invalidating assumptions of current validity generalization/meta-analysis procedures. In this investigation, we report the results of two large-scale studies designed to test hypothesized relationships derived from two "common cause" models. Study 1 examines relationships between store-level organizational climate variables and employee satisfaction and performance variables for 33,097 sales personnel in 537 retail stores. Study 2 investigates relationships between store-level situational constraints and customer service perception and shopping variables for 31,611 customers from 564 retail stores. The results of these studies did not support the proposition that situational variables act as substantive causes of correlations among the respective employee and customer variables or the variances and reliabilities of these variables. The implications of these findings for meta-analyses in applied psychology as well as the generalizability of the findings are discussed.     

互依性与团队协作

互依性是指团队成员在完成作业的过程中相互依赖的程度,分为作业互依性和产出互依性两大类。该文全面的阐述了互依性的概念、分类和测量方法,并重点介绍了20世纪90年代以后有关互依性在团队协作领域中的研究结果。总结发现,两类互依性与很多团队变量均有显著相关,特别是团队的结果变量。在对结果变量的影响上,两类互依性存在交互作用,或互依性与其他变量存在交互作用。文章最后提出了目前研究的局限性,以及未来的研究展望     

核心自我评价：人格倾向研究的新取向

国外学者整合了有关工作满意度的人格倾向研究,并在此基础上提出了核心自我评价的概念。核心自我评价包括四种核心特质：自尊、控制点、神经质和一般自我效能。四种特质构成了一个更为基本的结构。核心自我评价及四种核心特质与工作态度和工作行为存在较强的相关,且能够有效预测这些变量。文章最后指出了今后的研究方向,比如对于结构问题的探讨和跨文化研究的深入     

The development of organized rehearsal

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the development or organization strategies in rehearsal processes. First-grade (age 7 years), third-grade (age 9 years), and fifth-grade (age 11 years) children were exposed to a memory task which involved multiple overt rehearsal and recall phases. The children were either free to rehearse any words from a taxonomically structured list or they were taught to rehearse in categories. The recall phase was either free or categorically cued. The number of repetitions in rehearsal increased only as a function of age. All of the independent variables facilitated the amount of organized rehearsal and the amount of retention. Children at all ages were able to maximize the relative amount of organized rehearsal when rehearsal was cued. The correlational analysis of the dependent variables indicated that for young children the quantity of rehearsal was linked to retention, but for older children the quality of rehearsal was related to retention. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the bases for production inefficiencies.     

CFA Models with a General Factor and Multiple Sets of Secondary Factors

We propose a class of confirmatory factor analysis models that include multiple sets of secondary or specific factors and a general factor. The general factor accounts for the common variance among manifest variables, whereas multiple sets of secondary factors account for the remaining source-specific dependency among subsets of manifest variables. A special case of the model is further proposed which constrains the specific factor loadings to be proportional to the general factor loadings. This proportional model substantially reduces the number of model parameters while preserving the essential structure of the general model. Furthermore, the proportional model allows for the interpretation of latent variables as the expected values of the observed manifest variables, decomposition of the variances, and the inclusion of interactions, similar to generalizability theory. We provide two applications to illustrate the utility of the proposed class of models.