Therapeutic strategies for Mexican-American families

This paper emphasizes the need for therapists to develop culturally attuned approaches to families. Family therapy strategies effective with families of Mexican descent are related to specific stages of the treatment process. Categories of problems presented by Mexican-American families are defined and corresponding therapist roles suggested. A specific class of interventions, labeledcultural strategies, makes use of culture in the service of therapy. Although the illustrations presented are of Mexican-American families, the concepts can be adapted to other ethnic families.     

Perception of parental socialization strategies in adoptive and non-adoptive families

Although parental socialization styles have been investigated in recent years, little research has been carried out on the issue of parental styles in adoptive families. The aim of this research is to analyse parental styles both from the point of view of the parents and of adopted and non-adopted adolescents, taking as covariables the adolescents' sex and age. The sample was made up of 55 adopted adolescents (20 boys and 35 girls with an age range of 11-17 years) and their 55 adoptive parents, and 402 non-adopted adolescents (200 boys and 202 girls with an age range of 11-17 years), and their 258 parents. Two scales evaluated parental styles: the Affect Scale and the Rules and Demands Scale. The results showed that, both from the point of view of the parents and of the adolescents, adoptive families are more affective, communicative and inductive, and less critical and indulgent than non-adoptive families. No differences were found between adopted and non-adopted adolescents on the Parents' Rigidity Scale.     

Silence and survival: Working with strategies of denial in families of traumatized pre-school children

Silence and denial about previous traumatic experiences are common features in families exposed to organized violence. Mutual protection between family members, and especially between parents and children, is seen as the fundament for the silencing of traumatic experiences. This strategy is suggested to have adaptive advantages in dangerous situations in general, where it serves the function of saving the child's internal representations of his/her parents as secure bases. If, however, the dangerous situation escalates and a psychic trauma cannot be avoided, the strategy of mutual silence concerning the event(s) becomes an obstacle for giving traumatized children parental support and professional treatment. It is argued that clinicians need to take seriously the strong reasons families have for upholding their strategy of denial, if they want to help traumatized families to a better functioning. A case presentation is made to illustrate how it is possible to use refugee children's re-enacting play as a source of information about past traumatic events in order to change destructive post-traumatic family dynamics and improve parental support to the child.     

Keeping adolescents safe from harm: management strategies of African-American families in a high-risk community

In this study, we investigated changes in parents' use of restrictive and promotive management strategies from early to middle adolescence. We also examined the antecedents of these changes and their effects on adolescents' achievement and mental health. Longitudinal data included 50 African American adolescents and their parents living in a low-income school district. There were three major findings. First, parents, on average, used less restrictive and promotive management strategies from early to middle adolescence. Second, parents who experienced increased depressive symptoms reported using more restrictive management strategies from early to middle adolescence. Third, adolescents whose parents increased their use of restrictive management strategies experienced more anger and lower grade point averages, whereas adolescents whose parents increased their use of promotive management strategies experienced less anger, higher grade point averages, and less absences from early to middle adolescence. These findings suggest that increasing parents' use of promotive rather than restrictive management strategies may be more beneficial in supporting the academic achievement and mental health of adolescents living in high-risk neighborhoods.     

川苗原始宗教述论

四川苗族历史上的传统信仰属于原始宗教的范畴,川苗民俗禁忌的内容也多与传统宗教相关联.近代西方宗教传入苗区,但是古朴和自然的原始宗教仍然是川苗传统文化的主要组成部分.     

Liberalism,nationality and education

Yael Tamir's (1993) book Liberal Nationalism seeks to show that liberalism and nationalism are not incompatible political philosophies. Nationalism need not take the closed, authoritarian form it has so often taken; and liberalism is premised on certain national ideas, including national self-determination. This critical discussion of her account is broadly sympathetic to the compatibility thesis, but takes issue both with her notion of nationalism, with her account of a nation as a self-conscious cultural community, and with the sharp line she draws between civic and cultural concerns. Although her book does not deal with education, this paper concludes with remarks about what the role of nationality should be in education, in both a Tamirian and a non-Tamirian framework. The latter is applied to education in Britain.This paper takes the form of a discussion of some leading themes in Yael Tamir's (1993) book Liberal Nationalism and of their bearing on educational policy.     

Mothers in incestuous families

Based on the premise that mothers in father-daughter incest families are pivotal in the incestuous bond, this article considers the incestuous mother's personality dynamics and role within the context of parent-child nuclear and extended family interaction. Such fundamental issues as separation-individuation, identification, and fear of intimacy are addressed from a developmental perspective. Patterns of functioning of mothers who are both victims and colluders are highlighted, followed by treatment implications.     

对少数民族高校学生进行科学无神论教育的几点思考

对少数民族高校学生进行科学无神论的宣传教育是一种具有战略意义的教育和培养活动,这一活动务必要获得理想的收获。这是本文作者长期从事民族地区高校思想政治教学过程中关于培养学生各方面素质问题的思考结果。     

Parenting cognitions and treatment beliefs as predictors of experience using behavioral parenting strategies in families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

We tested a model of mothers' parenting efficacy and attributions for child ADHD behaviors as predictors of experiences with behavioral treatment. The model proposed that mothers' beliefs regarding the acceptability and effectiveness of behavioral strategies would intervene between mothers' cognitions about parenting and child behavior and their treatment experiences. Participants were 101 mothers of 5- to 10-year-old children (82% male) with ADHD. Mothers reported their parenting efficacy and attributions for child behavior, and then received a single session of treatment teaching 2 behavior management strategies. Then, mothers reported their beliefs regarding the acceptability and effectiveness of these strategies. A follow-up phone interview 1 week later assessed mothers' experiences in using the behavioral strategies. The overall model fit the data. Attributions of child ADHD behavior as more pervasive, enduring, and within the child's control were related to seeing behavioral treatment as more acceptable, but neither attributions nor treatment acceptability predicted treatment experience. However, mothers with higher parenting efficacy viewed the behavioral strategies as more likely to be effective, and this pathway significantly predicted positive treatment experience. Implications for understanding the variables that contribute to parental decision-making and treatment participation for childhood ADHD are considered.     

语言经验可以改变双语者的主导语言

使用语义启动词汇判断范式,研究维吾尔语-汉语和朝鲜语-汉语大学生双语者词汇加工的模式如何受语言经验的影响.实验一表明,维汉双语者既存在语言内、也存在语言间的语义启动效应.不管目标词是维吾尔语还是汉语,以维吾尔语(母语)为启动词的效应要大于以汉语为启动词的效应.实验二表明,朝汉双语者语言内产生了类似大小的效应;但当目标词是汉语、启动词是朝鲜语时,却没有启动效应.进一步的问卷调查表明,朝汉双语被试虽在小学和中学阶段听说和阅读母语的概率大于听说和阅读汉语,但在大学阶段却是汉语占优势;维汉双语被试在小学、中学、大学时的口头语言都是母语占优势;虽然他们在大学阶段阅读汉语的概率要大于母语,但两者的差异要明显小于朝汉双语被试.这些结果说明,语言经验可以改变词汇形式表征的加工速率以及从形式表征出发激活词汇意义的模式,从而使得第二语言有可能取代母语而上升为主导语言.     

Post-traumatic stress disorder in families

When one or more members of a family are traumatized, the entire family can suffer from post-traumatic symptoms. Unfortunately, this may go unrecognized by the family, friends, and professionals. A cycle of post-traumatic victimization and fragmentation of family integrity can lead to disastrous consequences. The post-traumatic phases leading to such a destructive outcome are discussed in detail. Treatment of the traumatized family should include psychoeducational, psychodynamic, systemic, behavioral and spiritual interventions.     

回鹘道教杂考

维 吾 尔 族 的 祖 先 回 鹘 是 我 国 古 代 北 方 地 区 具 36.4,第 212～225行 ;有 悠 久 历 史 和 灿 烂 文 明 的 民 族 之 一 , 以 善 于 兼 容 外 第 30卦 离 , 回 鹘 文 作 kün … … 编 号 : T Ⅱ Y来 文 明 而 著 称 于 世 , 宗 教 信 仰 多 种 多 样 , 先 后 信 奉 36.11,第 161～173行 ;过 的 有 萨 满 教 、佛 教 、摩 尼 教 、景 教 、袄 教 、道 教 和 伊 第 41卦 损 , 回 鹘 文…     

Language in action

A number of general points behind the story of this paper may be worth setting out separately, now that we have come to the end.There is perhaps one obvious omission to be addressed right away. Although the word information has occurred throughout this paper, it must have struck the reader that we have had nothing to say on what information is. In this respect, our theories may be like those in physics: which do not explain what energy is (a notion which seems quite similar to information in several ways), but only give some basic laws about its behaviour and transmission.     

Rural multi-problem families

Despite the apparently lower prevalence of notified dysfunction in the country, when severe individual and family psychopathology does exist it often engenders considerable stigmatization and social isolation. The resulting creation of 'one-family ghettos' tends to heighten family dysfunction, producing a new set of specific and frequently more severe difficulties for the therapist. Some case histories are cited to illustrate these problems, and the authors discuss their treatment regime which is domiciliary, focused in the here-and-now, active and task-centred.