Beiträge zur Psychologie der Gestalt

Summary By presenting dark figures on a light ground these experiments not only avoided the criticism leveled at the method of producing -movement, but actually proved Engel's accusation false. Since his claim was specific the results could be equally decisive: if a black figure comes with expansion then it can not be the influence of the field that is affecting it, since that influence has been described by Engel as of the opposite nature. The black disc, when it was a figure breaking into a homogeneous ground, in every case and for every subject appeared with marked expansion. So much for the first claim. The experiments with the rings, though giving in the main the same results have needed more careful consideration and explanation, but have nevertheless brought out everywhere that the figure-property of the ring is the decisive factor, and not the brightness changes in the ground. More might have been done on the voluntary attention paid to one or other of the figures, and to the effects of relative intensities, but the chief results of the experiment are without question; a black figure appears with expansion and a white one will disappear with contraction, despite increase of field intensity. The main determinants of -movement are in the relation of figure to ground, and not those of change of brightness.     

Der Graupapagei in der Gefangenschaft

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Der Mensch in der Masse

Ohne ZusammenfassungPrivaat docent aan de Gemeente Universiteit van Amsterdam     

Der Analogiebegriff in der modernen Phyfik

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Der biopsychosoziale Krankheitsbegriff in der Praxis

Many of the recent approaches in diagnostics and therapy, e. g. the behavioral medicine, consider themselves as “holistic” or “multidimensional”. By closer consideration, however, it turns out, that while more or less referring back to the system-theoretically founded “bio-psycho-social model” (Engel, Weiner et al.) its implications are not taken seriously in practice. Presenting a concrete work project (“simultaneous diagnostics”) we will show, how to implement this (theoretically potent) bio-psycho-social conception of disease in clinical practice. It can be clearly seen, that it cannot replace the conventional reductional approach of medicine which focusses on the examination of single processes and structures under simplified conditions. On the contrary, such reductionism remains indispensable, because to be able to grasp any higher (more complex) structure one has to know its elements. Comprehensive explanation of phenomena, however, is not possible in a reductionist way. Therefore, the bio-psycho-social disease model in its operationalization is not a new way of medicine, rather an expanded approach to diagnostical and therapeutic issues.     

Der gegenftand der pfychologie

Ohne Zusammenfassung