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Birger Siebert 《Studies in East European Thought》2005,57(3-4):305-317
The ideas of cultural-historical psychology have led to a new understanding of the human psyche as developing in the process
of the subject acting in social and historical contexts. Such a “non-classical” reinterpretation of psychological concepts
should be based on a theoretical and philosophical framework in order to explain genetic sources of these concepts. For this
purpose, Il’enkov’s philosophy is of great significance. This is illustrated by discussing a possible cultural-historical
understanding of the concept of intelligence.
“If we enrich Vygotsky’s ideas with Il’enkov’s basic postulates, modern psychology and pedagogy will take a considerable step
forward in study of the genesis and development of consciousness and of the individual subject of activity” (Davydov 1998,
92). 相似文献
3.
Vesa Oittinen 《Studies in East European Thought》2005,57(3-4):319-338
E.V. Il’enkov is regarded as perhaps the most “Spinozist” of Soviet philosophers. He used Spinoza’s ideas extensively, especially
in developing his concept of the ideal and in his attempts to give a more precise philosophical formulation to the “activity
approach” of the cultural- historical school of Soviet psychology. A more detailed analysis reveals, however, that Il’enkov’s
reception of Spinoza was highly selective, and that there are substantial differences between them. 相似文献
4.
Boltzmann’s Bildtheorie, which asserts that scientific theories are ‘mental pictures’ having at best a partial similarity
to reality, was a core element of his philosophy of science. The aim of this article is to draw attention to a neglected aspect
of it, namely its significance for the issue of scientific explanation and understanding, regarded by Boltzmann as central
goals of science. I argue that, in addition to being an epistemological view of the interpretation of scientific theories
Boltzmann’s Bildtheorie has implications for the nature of scientific understanding. This aspect has as yet been ignored because
discussion of the Bildtheorie has been restricted to the realism-instrumentalism debate. To elucidate my analysis of Boltzmann’s
Bildtheorie concrete examples are presented, and the pragmatist and Darwinist roots of Boltzmann’s view are discussed.
Moreover, I propose to use Boltzmann’s ideas as a starting-point for developing a novel analysis of the notion of scientific
understanding, of which a brief impression is given. It shows that the study of Boltzmann’s philosophy is not only of historical
interest but can be relevant also to modern philosophy of science and to the methodology of theoretical physics.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Ziyi Feng 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2006,1(2):254-268
Unlike some western scholars who limit their interpretation of modernity and its source to conceptual, cultural, value, and
psychological dimensions, Marx pointed out that modernity came mainly from modern production system. Starting from the historical
context of his time, Marx explored various aspects of modernity and pointed out that modernity was inherent in the logic of
capital, resided in the process of historical evolution, arose in social conflicts and segmentation, and presented itself
in a global horizon. The logic of capital, the historical viewpoint, the theory of contradiction and a global perspective
are fundamental in Marx’s analysis of the problems of modernity. Marx’s ideas of modernity are methodologically significant
to the construction of modernity in contemporary Chinese society.
__________
Translated from Zhongguo Shehui Kexue 中国社会科学 (China Social Sciences), 2005 (4) by Xing Lijun 相似文献
6.
Manuela Consonni 《Jewish History》2010,24(2):105-126
The essay discusses the passage from an ideological, patriotic and anti-fascist memory of the deportations and the extermination
to what the author describes as the “ethnic” memory of the Shoah, which has played, and continues to play, a central role
in constructing the European historical narrative as that narrative depicts the Jews as Europe’s “other”. Theoretical reflection
on memory is intertwined with historical analysis of the period between 1945 until the end of the twentieth century. Two,
binary perspectives are featured, one, which examines memory from a cognitive point of view and the other, which examines
memory from a cultural, ideological, moral and political perspective. These perspectives come to the fore in memoire-literature,
movies, plays, historiographic and philosophical debates, which illustrate the two perspectives and their articulation, as
well as they justify the essay’s periodization. 相似文献
7.
We outline ideas and research in training parents to help their children to appreciate historical patterns of social contingencies
as well as contingencies in the present. Parents’ use of “lessons and dialogue” is presented as a means of guiding the children’s
efforts to describe their past experiences in narrative format, along with teaching the children about contingency management
in the present. Lessons define this latter type of parent teaching, and dialogue defines the former type. Our focus is on
dialogue because it is not well known in the parent training literature. A case study is included to illustrate the potential
benefits and problems encountered in training parents to use dialogue. 相似文献
8.
Historical and Philosophical Perspectives on Experimental Practice in Medicine and the Life Sciences
Stahnisch FW 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2005,26(5):397-425
The aim of this paper is to discuss a key question in the history and philosophy of medicine, namely how scholars should treat
the practices and experimental hypotheses of modern life science laboratories. The paper seeks to introduce some prominent
historiographical methods and theoretical approaches associated with biomedical research. Although medical scientists need
no convincing that experimentation has a significant function in their laboratory work, historians, philosophers, and sociologists
long neglected its importance when examining changes in medical theories or progress in scientific knowledge. The reason appears
to have been the academic influence of the then dominant tradition in the history of ideas, but was also due to a misconception
of what could usefully be termed the view on “historical ontology.” During the last two decades, there have been many books
and research articles that have turned towards the subject, so that the study of experimental practice has become a major
trend in the contemporary history and philosophy of medicine. A closer look at the issue of laboratory research shows that
concepts in medicine and the life sciences cannot be understood as historically constant, free-standing ideas, but have to
be regarded as dependent on local research settings. They often carry particular “social memories” with them and thus acquire
important ethical implications. 相似文献
9.
Dun Zhang 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2010,5(4):631-651
The “end of history” by Fukuyama is mainly based on Hegel’s treatise of the end of history and Kojeve’s corresponding interpretation.
But Hegel’s “end of history” is a purely philosophical question, i.e., an ontological premise that must be fulfilled to complete
“absolute knowledge.” When Kojeve further demonstrates its “universal and homogeneous state,” Fukuyama extends it into a political
view: The victory of the Western system of freedom and democracy marks the end of the development of human history and Marxist
theory and practice. This is a misunderstanding of Hegel. Marx analyzes, scientifically, the historical limitation of Western
capitalism and maintains, by way of a kind of revolutionary teleology, the expectation of and belief in human liberation,
which is the highest historical goal. His philosophy of history is hence characterized by theoretical elements from both historical
scientificalness and historical teleology. 相似文献
10.
Hossein Ghaffari 《Sophia》2011,50(3):391-411
Everybody acknowledges the importance of Socrates’ role and influence on the history of philosophy, as well as on the culture
of humanity. He is also considered to be the first martyr of virtue and wisdom in human history. In spite of this, even though
most Western commentators recognize the elevated meanings and high level of Socratic wisdom, they refuse to consider it to
have a supra-human source and to be divine prophecy. In this article and through the analysis of Socrates’ words and speeches,
which can be found in authentic sources such as some of Plato’s writings, the author aims to prove the truth of Socrates’
claim according to which he had the gift of prophecy. By putting together rational proofs and historical clues from his life,
we will underline the veracity of such a claim. A part of the article will be dedicated to underlining the fact that our reasoning
is based on authentic and historical references of Socrates’ speeches, which are mainly mentioned in Plato’s Apology. By quoting the main and most important commentators’ views in this field, we will therefore endeavor to show that there
is a sort of general consensus among most commentators to consider this treatise to be an historical document. The importance
as well as main outcome of this article is that if we accept this theory, the general outlook of the history of philosophy
will change radically. In addition, the claim that wisdom has a divine source, which is mentioned repeatedly in the content
of divine wise men’s words and in some Islamic traditions, will be confirmed. Moreover, the link between spiritual truths
and human reasoning will be corroborated and underlined. 相似文献
11.
Jens Herlth 《Studies in East European Thought》2011,63(4):267-278
The essay examines Stanisław Brzozowski’s ideas on mutual interactions between the sphere of culture and the realm of the
political. It shows how Brzozowski made use of literary texts in order to elucidate social and political processes. In doing
so, he insisted on a specific form of knowledge accessible through texts of literature and literary criticism, which are not
limited by the mere “logic of notions.” Following Vico and Sorel Brzozowski detected an “irrational core” at the bases of
human collectivities such as above all modern nations, and it is through literature that this core can be revealed. Brzozowski’s
understanding of political ideas and concepts is informed—to a decisive degree—by the literary imagination. This can be shown
by a semantic and rhetorical analysis of some of his later writings. 相似文献
12.
In celebration of Einstein's remarkable achievements in 1905, this essay examines some of his views on the role of “intellectuals” in developing and advocating socio-economic and political positions and policies, the historical roots of his ethical views and certain aspects of his philosophy of science. As an outstanding academic and public citizen, his life and ideas continue to provide good examples of a life well-used and worth remembering.*An earlier version of this paper was presented at a regional meeting of the Royal Society of Canada, held at the University of Guelph, Ontario, May 2, 2005. I would like to thank O.P. Dwivedi for inviting me to write the paper and Deborah C. Poff for helping me clarify some ideas in it. 相似文献
13.
The aim of this paper is to introduce Wittgenstein’s concept of the form of a language into geometry and to show how it can
be used to achieve a better understanding of the development of geometry, from Desargues, Lobachevsky and Beltrami to Cayley,
Klein and Poincaré. Thus this essay can be seen as an attempt to rehabilitate the Picture Theory of Meaning, from the Tractatus. Its basic idea is to use Picture Theory to understand the pictures of geometry. I will try to show, that the historical
evolution of geometry can be interpreted as the development of the form of its language. This confrontation of the Picture
Theory with history of geometry sheds new light also on the ideas of Wittgenstein.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Foucault and the Imperatives of Education: Critique and Self-Creation in a Non-Foundational World 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mark Olssen 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2006,25(3):245-271
This article outlines Foucault’s conception of critique in relation to his writings on Kant. In that Kant saw Enlightenment
as a process of release from the status of immaturity in that we accept someone else’s authority to lead us in areas where
the use of reason is called for, it is claimed in this article that Foucault’s notion of critique reveals his own conception
of maturity. Whereas Kant sees maturity as the rule of self by self through reason, Foucault sees it as an attitude towards
ourselves and the present through an historical analysis of the limits, and the possibility of transgression, of going beyond.
Critique is thus a permanent interrogation of the limits, an escape from normalization, and a facing-up to the challenges
of self-creation while seeking to effect changes in social structures on specific regional issues of concern. The article
concludes by suggesting that the problem of historical and epistemological relativism, which a conception of total critique
gives rise to, may not be as insurmountable as some critics of Foucault have claimed. 相似文献
15.
In this paper we discuss the relevance of considering context for critical thinking. We argue that critical thinking is best
viewed in terms of ‘critical inquiry’ in which argumentation is seen as a way of arriving at reasoned judgments on complex
issues. This is a dialectical process involving the comparative weighing of a variety of contending positions and arguments.
Using the model which we have developed for teaching critical thinking as critical inquiry, we demonstrate the role played
by the following aspects of context: (1) knowledge of the dialectical context (the debate around an issue, both current and
historical); (2) an understanding of the current state of practice and belief surrounding an issue; (3) an understanding of
the intellectual, political, historical and social contexts in which an issue is embedded; (4) knowledge of the relevant disciplinary
context; (5) information about the sources of an argument; (6) awareness of one’s own beliefs and biases. 相似文献
16.
Michael Heidelberger 《Erkenntnis》2011,75(3):467-482
The term “historical epistemology” can be read in two different ways: (1) as referring to a program of ‘historicizing’ epistemology,
in the sense of a critique of traditional epistemology’s tendency to gloss over historical context, or (2) as a manifesto
of ‘epistemologizing’ history, i.e. as a critique of radical historicist and relativist approaches. In this paper I will defend
a position in this second sense. I show that one can account for the historical development and diversity of science without
disavowing the relevance of a (normatively understood) epistemology and without denying the existence of human cognitive universals
across historical and cultural differences. In support of my thesis, I draw on cognitive scientific research on causal and
symbolic cognition, arguing that causal understanding constitutes a basic part of science, which, in the course of its development,
becomes more and more superimposed by a culturally and historically variable symbolic superstructure. 相似文献
17.
The study attempted an understanding of the cognitive process involved in appreciation of history and the developmental pattern
of the same. A test of Historical Understanding (HU) was constructed consisting of items which were similar to historical
situations, but real historical episodes were not included in order to avoid any effect of prior knowledge and memory of historical
facts. The test items were pilot tested and refined. A random sample of 15 children, 9–14 years of age (Grades 4, 6 and 8),
was administered the test with clinical probing followed by an interview to assess children’s idea of past and history. The
findings revealed that appreciation of the difference between past and history, chronology, and historical imagination emerged
early by 9 years of age developing further with age/Grade. Development of some dimensions such as empathy and critical analysis
appeared late by 13–14 years. 相似文献
18.
Sharon Todd 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2010,29(2):213-228
As a flashpoint for specific instances of conflict, Muslim sartorial practices have at times been seen as being antagonistic
to “western” ideas of gender equality, secularity, and communicative practices. In light of this, I seek to highlight the
ways in which such moments of antagonism actually might be understood on “cosmopolitical” terms, that is, through a framework
informed by a critical and political approach to cosmopolitanism itself. Thus, through an “agonistic cosmopolitics” I here
argue for a more robust political understanding of what a cosmopolitan orientation to cultural difference can offer education.
The paper moves from a focus on harmony to agonism and from cosmopolitanism to the cosmopolitical, and within each I discuss
the questions of democracy and universality, respectively. Drawing on, the work of Chantal Mouffe, Judith Butler and Bonnie
Honig, I discuss the basis upon which our agonistic interactions can inform education in promoting better ways of living together.
This requires, in my view, nothing less than a clear understanding of the very difficulties of pluralism and a questioning
of some of the ways we often reflect on the political dimension of these difficulties. I offer some reflections on what an
agonistic cosmopolitics has to offer the debates surrounding the wearing of various forms of Muslim dress in schools in the
conclusion. My overall claim is that cosmopolitanism as a set of ideas that seek more peaceful forms of living together on
a global scale is in need of a theoretical framework that faces directly the difficulties of living in a dissonant world. 相似文献
19.
Andrew F. Smith 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2012,71(3):205-219
Stephen Carter argues that biblical literalism is predicated on an epistemological position drastically different than that maintained by mainstream scientists inasmuch as it operates on the basis of a “hermeneutic of inerrancy” with respect to the ideas laid out in the Bible. By relying on considerations offered by Charles Taylor and recent sociological studies, I contend that Carter’s thesis is incorrect. The divide between proponents and opponents of biblical literalism is ethical rather than epistemological. Beyond the philosophical implications of my contention, this displays that deliberative engagement between these parties—which depends on shared epistemological norms—is possible in principle. 相似文献
20.
Andreas Frings 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2007,38(1):31-56
Summary
Rational Choice and Historical Explanation. The dichotomy between narrative and causal approaches is one of the most discussed problems in historical explanation. The
main problem seems to be that many philosophers and historians do not agree with the argument of analytical philosophy of
history that explanations demand law-like assumptions. Even Arthur C. Danto, however, who is often regarded as the founder
of narrative explanatory approaches, did not leave causality behind. Contrarily, he defended the covering-law-scheme against
unfounded criticism and showed that causality and narration can be reconciled. But Danto did not say which laws should play
a major role in historical explanations. This gap could be bridged by one of the most successful research programs in the
social sciences over the last decades, the Rational Choice approach. This approach should, however, be reduced to its basic
assumption, the presumption of subjective rationality (which principally corresponds an older hermeneutic tradition), and
be integrated into the “model of a sociological explanation” (which is very popular among European sociologists). The result
is a concept of a historical explanation that does justice to the linguistic turn (in its formulation by Willard Van Orman
Quine), to the demands of the covering-law-scheme and to the ambitions of historians to narrate and explain a historical phenomenon
at the same time. 相似文献