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抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍是两种最常见的精神障碍。使用激活似然估计(activation likelihood estimation,ALE)元分析对抑郁和焦虑障碍患者治疗后出现的一致脑区激活改变进行评估,并考察不同条件下这一改变的差异。研究共纳入25篇文献,结果发现:(1)抑郁和焦虑障碍接受治疗后,枕下回(inferior occipital gyrus,IOG)等脑区激活增加;豆状核(lentiform nucleus)等激活减少。(2)a.心理治疗产生的脑激活改变为豆状核活动的减少;药物治疗则在于扣带回(cingulate gyrus)等活动增加,而楔前叶(precuneus)等活动减少。b.任务下成像治疗后激活增加的脑区为扣带回等,减少的脑区为楔前叶等;静息下成像,治疗后枕下回等激活增加,额内侧回(medial frontal gyrus,MFG)等激活减少。c.抑郁障碍治疗后的脑激活变化为扣带回等活动增加,楔前叶等活动减少;焦虑障碍在于前扣带回/额内侧回(anterior cingulate/MFG)活动减少。研究表明治疗会给抑郁和焦虑障碍带来一致的脑区激活改变;治疗方法、成像状态和障碍类型不同,治疗后脑区激活改变也存在差异。 相似文献
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自我面孔识别反映了个体通过自我与他人的区分识别出自我面孔的过程。本文采用ALE元分析的方法, 对自我面孔识别的fMRI研究进行系统的定量分析, 探究自我面孔识别的神经基础。结果显示, 自我面孔识别的关键脑区包括顶上小叶、额中回、额下回、脑岛、梭状回、楔前叶和枕叶皮层。另外, 自我面孔识别可能包括两个层面的加工过程:知觉层面的加工整合过程以及由知觉引发的评价和情绪反应过程。知觉加工整合涵盖了自我面孔识别的各个加工阶段, 主要涉及枕叶、梭状回和楔前叶的功能; 而评价加工及情绪反应过程则发生在自我面孔识别的中晚期, 主要涉及顶上小叶、额中回、额下回及脑岛的功能。未来研究可结合时间和空间数据并关注脑区间的协同功能, 考察与内感受的神经关联, 开展临床研究并探索威胁信息的影响机制。 相似文献
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前运动皮质与数字加工:脑功能成像研究的元分析研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
许多应用PET与fMRI技术的脑功能成像研究发现,数字加工任务会显著引起前运动皮质的激活。习惯上认为,这一结果可能与任务执行过程中的动作反应,如手指按键、默读或眼动等有关。近年来的研究则表明,这一区域不仅具有动作功能,同时也具有其它非动作的认知功能。在本研究中,对17篇关于数字加工的脑功能成像研究进行了元分析,以考察前运动皮质在数字加工中的作用。研究结果发现,运动前区的背外侧(PMd)与腹外侧(PMv)在大多数数字加工任务中有显著激活,而运动辅助区(SMA)的激活则相对较少。数字比较、加法与减法任务在PMd区域有更多的激活,而乘法任务则在PMv区域有更多激活。数字自身特征对PMd、PMv与SMA喙部区域的激活有显著的调节作用。这一结果表明,前运动皮质在数字加工过程中可能扮演着比动作反应更为重要的角色。 相似文献
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情绪识别一直是学界关注的热点。虽然已有研究探讨了动态面孔表情、动态身体表情和声音情绪的脑机制, 但对每种情绪载体的整体认识相对不完善, 同时对不同情绪载体之间神经机制的共性和区别知之甚少。因此, 本研究首先通过三项独立的激活似然估计元分析来识别每种情绪模式的大脑激活区域, 然后进行对比分析以评估三种情绪载体之间共同的和独特的神经活动。结果显示, 动态面孔表情的大脑活动包括广泛的额叶、枕叶、颞叶和部分顶叶皮层以及海马、小脑、丘脑、杏仁核等皮层下区域; 动态身体表情的激活集中于颞/枕叶相关脑区以及小脑和海马; 声音情绪则引起了颞叶、额叶、杏仁核、尾状核和脑岛的激活。联合分析表明, 三种情绪载体跨模态激活了左侧颞中回和右侧颞上回。对比分析的结果证明了视觉刺激比听觉刺激更占优势, 动态面孔表情尤为突出, 同时动态身体表情也发挥着重要作用, 但声音情绪有其独特性。总之, 这些发现验证和拓展了三种情绪载体的现有神经模型, 揭示了情绪处理中心的、普遍性的区域, 但每种情绪载体又有自己可靠的特异性神经回路。 相似文献
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本研究根据音乐加工的层级结构, 对现有的脑成像研究进行了元分析, 探讨了音乐知觉的神经基础。具体而言, 对特异于音乐知觉加工的两个层级, 音程分析和结构分析的神经基础进行了分析, 并在此基础上对比了参与两个层级加工的脑区。结果发现, 音程分析主要的激活分布在双侧颞上回和右侧额下回, 在中央前回、角回和脑岛等脑区也有分布。音程分析在颞上回激活最多, 可能表明颞上回为音程分析的核心区域。结构分析激活分布较广, 主要激活颞上回、颞横回和前额叶区域, 此外, 还激活了下顶叶、缘上回和舌回等顶枕区域。结构分析在前额叶激活最多, 可能表明前额叶为结构分析的核心区域。最后, 对比两层级激活的脑区发现, 二者仅在后侧颞上回存在着重合, 而在绝大部分脑区则表现出分离, 这暗示了音程分析和结构分析通过颞上回进行交流, 并负责音乐不同层面的加工。 相似文献
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神经成像技术的应用不仅会影响人的大脑活动,甚至可以读出人类思想的内容.因此,在使用神经成像技术时,既要遵循技术规范,还要遵循生命伦理学的基本原则.概述了神经成像技术的成就及其研究和应用价值,讨论了神经成像技术在应用过程中的知情同意、隐私保护等伦理问题,以及运用神经成像技术进行测谎可能涉及的伦理问题. 相似文献
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审美能力是人类独有的高级功能。本文介绍了审美的认知神经模型, 以及相关研究的实验范式, 对各种刺激材料和任务进行了评价。回顾了近年来脑成像研究的主要进展, ERP和MEG研究证明审美包含发生在不同时段的不同加工阶段, 与审美判断相关的ERP成分为300~400 ms 额中部负成分和440~880 ms 头皮后部晚期正成分。fMRI研究发现与审美相关的主要脑区包括尾状核、框额部皮质和扣带前回。未来研究应进一步区分审美的不同方面的神经机制之间的差别, 扩大刺激材料范围, 更深入地探讨复杂因素, 如文化因素对审美神经机制的影响。 相似文献
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Steven Brown Angela R. Laird Peter Q. Pfordresher Sarah M. Thelen Peter Turkeltaub Mario Liotti 《Brain and cognition》2009
A sizable literature on the neuroimaging of speech production has reliably shown activations in the orofacial region of the primary motor cortex. These activations have invariably been interpreted as reflecting “mouth” functioning and thus articulation. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare an overt speech task with tongue movement, lip movement, and vowel phonation. The results showed that the strongest motor activation for speech was the somatotopic larynx area of the motor cortex, thus reflecting the significant contribution of phonation to speech production. In order to analyze further the phonatory component of speech, we performed a voxel-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of syllable-singing (11 studies) and compared the results with a previously-published meta-analysis of oral reading (11 studies), showing again a strong overlap in the larynx motor area. Overall, these findings highlight the under-recognized presence of phonation in imaging studies of speech production, and support the role of the larynx motor cortex in mediating the “melodicity” of speech. 相似文献
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Jonathan Brennan Yuval NirUri Hasson Rafael MalachDavid J. Heeger Liina Pylkkänen 《Brain and language》2012,120(2):163-173
The neural basis of syntax is a matter of substantial debate. In particular, the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), or Broca’s area, has been prominently linked to syntactic processing, but the anterior temporal lobe has been reported to be activated instead of IFG when manipulating the presence of syntactic structure. These findings are difficult to reconcile because they rely on different laboratory tasks which tap into distinct computations, and may only indirectly relate to natural sentence processing. Here we assessed neural correlates of syntactic structure building in natural language comprehension, free from artificial task demands. Subjects passively listened to Alice in Wonderland during functional magnetic resonance imaging and we correlated brain activity with a word-by-word measure of the amount syntactic structure analyzed. Syntactic structure building correlated with activity in the left anterior temporal lobe, but there was no evidence for a correlation between syntactic structure building and activity in inferior frontal areas. Our results suggest that the anterior temporal lobe computes syntactic structure under natural conditions. 相似文献
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Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
John P. MeyerDavid J. Stanley Lynne HerscovitchLaryssa Topolnytsky 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2002,61(1):20-52
The authors conducted meta-analyses to assess (a) relations among affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization and (b) relations between the three forms of commitment and variables identified as their antecedents, correlates, and consequences in Meyer and Allen's (1991) Three-Component Model. They found that the three forms of commitment are related yet distinguishable from one another as well as from job satisfaction, job involvement, and occupational commitment. Affective and continuance commitment generally correlated as expected with their hypothesized antecedent variables; no unique antecedents of normative commitment were identified. Also, as expected, all three forms of commitment related negatively to withdrawal cognition and turnover, and affective commitment had the strongest and most favorable correlations with organization-relevant (attendance, performance, and organizational citizenship behavior) and employee-relevant (stress and work-family conflict) outcomes. Normative commitment was also associated with desirable outcomes, albeit not as strongly. Continuance commitment was unrelated, or related negatively, to these outcomes. Comparisons of studies conducted within and outside North America revealed considerable similarity yet suggested that more systematic primary research concerning cultural differences is warranted. 相似文献
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While hedonic and reward-related processes are central to drug use and dependence, this article focuses on the contribution
that cognitive processes may make to addiction. In particular, attention is drawn to those processes involved in exercising
control over behavior as drug dependence is characterized by risky, impulsive behavior. Functional neuroimaging implicates
prefrontal deficits in cocaine dependence with an emerging picture of cocaine users having attentional biases towards drug-related
stimuli, poor performance in laboratory tests of inhibitory control, and compromised monitoring and evaluation of their behavior.
Combined, these deficits may contribute to the continuation of use in dependent individuals and may qualify as important targets
for therapeutic interventions. 相似文献
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本研究对1993年至2013年间83项采用Rosenberg自尊量表测量中国大学生自尊的研究进行横断历史元分析,考察我国大学生(被试为48384人)的自尊水平在这20年间的变化趋势。结果表明:(1)近20年,我国大学生的自尊水平呈下降趋势,相比于1993年,在2013年我国大学生的自尊下降0.89个标准差;(2)男、女大学生的自尊均呈下降趋势,且自尊的变化趋势性别差异不显著;(3)我国大学生自尊的变迁不存在生源差异,城镇与乡村大学生的自尊均随年代呈下降趋势。 相似文献
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Martha W. Burton 《Cognitive Science》2001,25(5):695-709
Recent neuroimaging studies of language processing are examining the neural substrate of phonology because of its critical role in mapping sound information onto higher levels of language processing (e.g., words) as well as providing codes in which verbal information can be temporarily stored in working memory. However, the precise role of the inferior frontal cortex in spoken and written phonological tasks has remained elusive. Although lesion studies have indicated the presence of selective deficits in phonological processing, the location of lesions underlying these impairments has not revealed a consistent pattern. Despite efforts to refine methods and tasks, functional neuroimaging studies have also revealed variability in activation patterns. Reanalysis of evidence from these neuroimaging studies suggests that there are functional subregions within the inferior frontal gyrus that correspond to specific components of phonological processing (e.g., orthographic to phonological conversion in reading, and segmentation in speech). 相似文献
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大学生人际信任变迁的横断历史研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在当代剧烈的社会变迁背景下, 人们的信任水平可能会发生改变。本文采用横断历史研究方法, 对采用Rotter “人际信任量表”调查大学生人际信任水平的53篇研究报告进行了元分析, 这些文献涉及24233名大学生, 调查的时间跨度为1998年至2009年。研究结果表明:(1)我国大学生人际信任水平在这11年间显著降低, 相比1998年, 2009年时大学生的人际信任水平下降了1.19个标准差; (2)无论男生还是女生, 人际信任水平在11年间均显著下降, 其变化趋势和人际信任水平本身均不存在性别差异; (3)农村生源大学生的人际信任下降趋势呈边缘显著, 而城市生源大学生的人际信任水平没有明显变化, 但人际信任得分本身不存在生源地差异。 相似文献