DRM范式的关联性记忆错觉的研究综述

该文介绍了近年来使用Deese -Roediger -McDermott范式对关联性记忆错觉的研究。简述了影响关联性记忆错觉的九种因素的实验研究、关联效应产生的神经机制方面的研究以及有关的知觉 -记忆模型。     

关联性记忆错觉的产生与保持

两项实验对关联性记忆错觉的产生与保持进行了考察。实验结果表明,关联性记忆错觉接近学过词的回忆水平,但它的产生不随年龄的变化而变化;时间变量对关联性记忆错觉的影响不显著。此外,关联性记忆错觉不同于学过的词,在延迟加快时没有系列位置效应的产生。     

记忆错觉研究综述

１前言 记忆错觉（ｍｅｍｏｒｙ ｉｌｌｕｓｉｏｎ）就是指人们对过去事件的报告与事实严重偏离［１］。如同关于错觉的研究,可以为我们理解知觉加工规律提供大量的依据,关于记忆错觉的研究,也应极有助于我们真正了解人类记忆,因而,记忆错觉逐渐成为当前记忆研究的一大热点。本文拟对记忆错觉方面的研究加以综述。２记忆错觉的早期研究 在 １９６４年版的心理学词典中,Ｄｒｅｖｅｒ对错觉（ｉｌｌｕｓｉｏｎ）这一词条作了如下解释“在感知觉中,指对客观内容（或实际感觉材料）的主观偏离;在记忆中,指人们在回忆过去经验时由于增删…     

关联性记忆错觉神经机制的研究

该文介绍了近年来使用DRM范式对关联性记忆错觉神经机制的研究。脑损伤病人以及正常人的神经成像研究表明：对关键诱饵的虚假再认可能和对学过项目的正确再认有着相似而又不完全相同的脑机制;颞叶中部和额叶对关联性记忆错觉的产生十分重要,并且它们各自的作用似乎都不是单一的。     

当前记忆错觉研究的三个主要方面

记忆错觉的研究,对我们真正了解人类记忆至关重要,它是当前记忆研究的一大热点。本文简要介绍了记忆错觉研究的三个主要方面：关联效应、现实检测和信源检测的错误、流畅错觉,并介绍了有关的理论和研究方法。     

不同年龄视觉通道错误记忆的实验研究

两个实验运用DRM研究范式 ,分别以汉字词和彩色图片为材料 ,揭示了青年、中年和老年人都存在基于概念结构的视觉关联性错误记忆以及在自由回忆、再认、抵御犯关联性错误记忆及抵抗外界无关因素干扰等情节长时记忆能力的各个方面随年龄发展变化的不同特点 ,并发现对信息来源的监控评定水平受信息材料性质及年龄因素的影响     

注意分散对虚假再认的影响

采用DRM范式研究学习阶段不同的注意水平对关联性记忆错觉的影响。结果表明随着注意水平的降低,对学过项目的正确再认率显著下降。对关键诱饵的虚假再认率不易受注意分散的影响。正确再认和虚假再认的记得成分相似,但知道成分的变化趋势不同。虚假再认比正确再认的感知觉细节少。     

记忆源检测研究综述

该文围绕记忆信息源检测这一二十世纪80年代后出现的新的研究领域,着重介绍了有较大影响的信源检测框架理论及其在源记忆错觉和神经机制方面的主要研究成果,并最后对这一领域研究的理论意义和现实意义进行了讨论。     

消费活动中品牌错觉产生和错觉类型的年龄特征的试验研究

本研究通过实验得出以下结论：(1)记忆错觉与消费者的年龄有关,老年组的错误率最高,青年组的错误率最低;(2)记忆错觉类型与年龄有关,老年组在英文和色彩项目上错误率最高,少儿在英文和汉字项目上错误最高,而对形状和色彩相对要敏感,青年组比较平均,是错误率最低的一组被试：(3)消费者记忆错觉的产生与消费者具体的消费实践有关,接触少的品牌产生错觉的概率高,接触得比较多的品牌错觉率相对要低。     

多种记忆分类之研究

1 引言 20世纪50年代初,人们便开始用信息加工理论的观点解释记忆现象,把记忆看成是信息编码、储存和提取的过程。从那以后,对记忆的分类也更多地基于记忆中的信息及其编码、储存、提取的不同。根据记忆信息储存时间的长短将记忆分为长时记忆、短时记忆、感觉记忆,根据记忆信息是语义还是情景的将记忆分为语义和情景记忆,根据根据记忆     

线索特征和提示对基于事件前瞻记忆的影响

前瞻记忆是一种记住在将来执行某个意向活动的记忆。研究采取2线索类型×2提示被试间设计探究了线索特征和有无提示对基于事件前瞻记忆的影响。结果表明:(1)提示使前瞻记忆的反应速度明显变慢,说明基于事件前瞻记忆的加工过程可能是自动完成的;(2)在具体线索条件下,被试完成进行中任务的速度显著快于概念线索条件下的速度。说明线索类型虽然没有影响到前瞻记忆加工,但是影响到了进行中任务的效率。     

记忆准确性的认知取向研究

阐述了记忆准确性认知取向的五种理论主要有图示重建理论、模糊痕迹记忆理论、源监控理论、归因取向理论和记忆建构理论;并对这五种理论作了简评。     

内隐记忆研究综述

近年来,内隐记忆逐渐成为心理学研究的热点。本文概述了内隐记忆研究中两种主要的实验研究范式;任务分离范式和加工分离范式。同时,归纳与评价了四种主要的内隐记忆模型：阈限说、激活扩散理论、多重记忆系统理论和迁移恰当加工理论最后提出了四点内隐记忆研究对于教学的启发。     

流畅性对再认的影响:实验证据及理论解释

流畅性可以影响再认,而且仅影响熟悉性加工的观点已得到大量研究的证实。近年一些研究者采用掩蔽启动范式并结合修改的R/K范式、独立判断的R/K范式等实验范式,操控测验项目的流畅性,发现流畅性影响的可能是猜测或者回想加工,因而质疑这个结论。为解释流畅性对再认的影响,流畅性归因理论侧重对流畅性的归因、冲突-归因理论侧重期待流畅性和实际流畅性之间的冲突、预激活-适应模型侧重启动刺激引起的神经活动激活或适应、线索-学习理论侧重流畅性线索的有效性。未来研究应关注流畅性对来源和联结记忆的影响,并考察流畅性对再认的影响在不同年龄人群或遗忘症人群中的表现是否一致。     

Leibniz on Memory and Consciousness

In this article, I develop a higher-order interpretation of Leibniz's theory of consciousness according to which memory is constitutive of consciousness. I offer an account of Leibniz's theory of memory on which his theory of consciousness may be based, and I then show that Leibniz could have developed a coherent higher-order account. However, it is not clear whether Leibniz held (or should have held) such an account of consciousness; I sketch an alternative that has at least as many advantages as the higher-order theory. This analysis provides an important antecedent to the contemporary discussions of higher-order theories of consciousness.     

内隐记忆研究的回顾与展望

近年来,在对内隐记忆的存在性和本质特点进行探讨的过程中,该领域涌现出愈加丰富的实验室研究方法和理论观点,同时也引发了研究者对内隐记忆内涵的深入思考。逐渐细分的内隐记忆研究领域促使人们超越内隐记忆原有的理论框架,去建构一个整合外显记忆与内隐记忆,容纳记忆的无意识和意识过程的完整理论体系。     

The effect of midazolam on implicit and explicit memory in category exemplar production and category cued recall

Transfer-appropriate processing theory (Roediger, Weldon, & Challis, 1989) proposes that dissociations between performance on explicit and implicit memory tests arise because these tests often rely on different types of information processing (e.g., perceptual processing vs conceptual processing). This perspective predicts that implicit and explicit memory tasks that rely primarily on conceptual processing should show comparable results, not dissociations. Numerous studies have demonstrated such similarities. It is, however, possible that these results arise from explicit memory contamination of performance on implicit memory tasks. To address this issue, an experiment was conducted in which participants were administered the sedative midazolam prior to study. Midazolam is known to create a temporary, but dense, period of anterograde amnesia. The effects of blocking stimulus materials by semantic category at study and generation at study were investigated on category exemplar production and category-cued recall. The results of this study demonstrated a dissociation of the effects of midazolam on category exemplar production and category-cued recall. Specifically, midazolam reduced the effect of blocking stimulus materials in category-cued recall, but not in category exemplar production. The differential effect of midazolam on explicit and implicit memory is at odds with transfer-appropriate processing theory and suggests that theories of memory must distinguish the roles of different types of conceptual processing on implicit and explicit memory tests.     

The Influence of Activation Level on Belief Bias in Relational Reasoning

A novel explanation of belief bias in relational reasoning is presented based on the role of working memory and retrieval in deductive reasoning, and the influence of prior knowledge on this process. It is proposed that belief bias is caused by the believability of a conclusion in working memory which influences its activation level, determining its likelihood of retrieval and therefore its effect on the reasoning process. This theory explores two main influences of belief on the activation levels of these conclusions. First, believable conclusions have higher activation levels and so are more likely to be recalled during the evaluation of reasoning problems than unbelievable conclusions, and therefore, they have a greater influence on the reasoning process. Secondly, prior beliefs about the conclusion have a base level of activation and may be retrieved when logically irrelevant, influencing the evaluation of the problem. The theory of activation and memory is derived from the Atomic Components of Thought‐Rational (ACT‐R) cognitive architecture and so this account is formalized in an ACT‐R cognitive model. Two experiments were conducted to test predictions of this model. Experiment 1 tested strength of belief and Experiment 2 tested the impact of a concurrent working memory load. Both of these manipulations increased the main effect of belief overall and in particular raised belief‐based responding in indeterminately invalid problems. These effects support the idea that the activation level of conclusions formed during reasoning influences belief bias. This theory adds to current explanations of belief bias by providing a detailed specification of the role of working memory and how it is influenced by prior knowledge.     

Revisiting the rise and fall of false recall: Presentation rate effects depend on retention interval

Leading theories of false memory predict that veridical and false recall of lists of semantically associated words can be dissociated by varying the presentation speed during study. Specifically, as presentation rate increases from milliseconds to seconds, veridical recall is predicted to increase monotonically while false recall is predicted to show a rapid rise and then a slow decrease—a pattern shown by McDermott and Watson (2001) in a study using immediate recall tests. In three experiments we tested the generality of the effects of rapid presentation rates on veridical and false memory. In Experiments 1 and 2 participants exhibited high levels of false recall on a delayed recall test, even for very fast stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA)—contrary to predictions from leading theories of false memory. When we switched to an immediate recall test in Experiment 3 we replicated the pattern predicted by the theories and observed by McDermott and Watson. Follow-up analyses further showed that the relative output position of false recalls is not affected by presentation rate, contrary to predictions from fuzzy trace theory. Implications for theories of false memory, including activation monitoring theory and fuzzy trace theory, are discussed.     

Revisiting the rise and fall of false recall: Presentation rate effects depend on retention interval

Leading theories of false memory predict that veridical and false recall of lists of semantically associated words can be dissociated by varying the presentation speed during study. Specifically, as presentation rate increases from milliseconds to seconds, veridical recall is predicted to increase monotonically while false recall is predicted to show a rapid rise and then a slow decrease-a pattern shown by McDermott and Watson (2001) in a study using immediate recall tests. In three experiments we tested the generality of the effects of rapid presentation rates on veridical and false memory. In Experiments 1 and 2 participants exhibited high levels of false recall on a delayed recall test, even for very fast stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA)-contrary to predictions from leading theories of false memory. When we switched to an immediate recall test in Experiment 3 we replicated the pattern predicted by the theories and observed by McDermott and Watson. Follow-up analyses further showed that the relative output position of false recalls is not affected by presentation rate, contrary to predictions from fuzzy trace theory. Implications for theories of false memory, including activation monitoring theory and fuzzy trace theory, are discussed.