Mentoring and Research Misconduct: An Analysis of Research Mentoring in Closed ORI Cases

We are reporting on how involved the mentor was in promoting responsible research in cases of research misconduct. We reviewed the USPHS misconduct files of the Office of Research Integrity. These files are created by Institutions who prosecute a case of possible research misconduct; ORI has oversight review of these investigations. We explored the role of the mentor in the cases of trainee research misconduct on three specific behaviors that we believe mentors should perform with their trainee: (1) review source data, (2) teach specific research standards and (3) minimize stressful work situations. We found that almost three quarters of the mentors had not reviewed the source data and two thirds had not set standards. These two behaviors are positively correlated. We did not see convincing evidence in the records that mentors were causing stress, but it was apparent in the convicted trainees' confessions that over 50% experienced some kind of stress. Secondary data, while not created for this research purpose, allows us to look at concrete research behaviors that are otherwise not very researchable. We believe it is important for mentors and institutions to devote more attention to teaching mentors about the process of education and their responsibilities in educating the next generation of scientists. This becomes a critical issue for large research groups who need to determine who is in charge educating, supervising and assuring data integrity.     

Manager behavior, leadership style, and subordinate performance: An empirical extension of the Vroom-Yetton conflict rule

This paper shows that there is a critical level of conflict legitimization behavior by a manager, above (below) which the relationship between subordinate performance and the use of group decision methods to resolve conflict is positive (negative). The subjects are 89 managers and 358 of their subordinates.     

Perceived Mentoring Fairness: Relationships with Gender,Mentoring Type,Mentoring Experience,and Mentoring Needs

While mentoring is often recommended as a careerenhancement strategy for men and women, this studyexamines perceptions of the fairness of mentoringrelationships. In this experiment, a total of 124 male and female participants provided dataconcerning their fairness perceptions in reaction tomentoring scenarios presented to them. A total of 49% ofthe sample were male and 51% were female and 82% were Caucasian, 12% were Asian American, 3% wereLatino American, and 3% were African American. Severalindividual factors such as past mentoring experiencesand having met mentoring needs as well as interactions with gender (by mentoring type, mentoringreceived, and met needs) were related to ratings offairness. In addition, past mentoring received andperceived fairness of mentoring were related to reportsof how much mentoring participants reported theyhad given others.     

Emotion self-regulation and athletic performance: An application of the IZOF model

Objectives: To examine the effects of multimodal and individualised self-regulation strategies upon emotions and bodily symptoms of athletes’ psychobiosocial state and performance, within the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) framework.Design: A multiple baseline single-subject design.Method: Eight male high-level Italian athletes (four goalkeeper roller-skating hockey players and four gymnasts) participated in the study. Procedures involved: (a) recall of idiosyncratic emotions and autonomic symptoms associated with best and worst performances; (b) identification of spontaneous idiosyncratic psychological preparation procedures; (c) monitoring of precompetitive emotions across a competitive season; (d) implementation of an individual multimodal self-regulation programme; and (e) a social validation interview.Results: Preliminary empirical support was provided for the effectiveness of a mental training strategy to optimise precompetitive psychobiosocial states and to improve competition performance. Findings also supported the in/out-of-zone notion applied to perceived emotions and bodily symptoms.Conclusions: Further research is needed to replicate and extend study findings, explore additional concepts incorporated in the recent developments of the IZOF-psychobiosocial model, and develop effective intervention strategies.     

Dramatic conversation: An exploratory application of Burton's discourse model

The British sociolinguists Sinclair and Coulthard have generated a systematic approach to the analysis of natural conversation using classroom discourse. Burton has articulated an innovative development of this model that she claims is applicable to a broad range of spoken discourse. She focuses on the language of dramatic plays. Her model is explained, and in an attempt to assess its viability, an application to a brief exchange in a Tennessee Williams play and its Italian translation is proposed. Interesting differences between the interactive structures of the two texts are revealed, indicating that Burton's model may be fruitful for the analysis of fictional dialogue. However, theatre talk may differ in as yet unknown ways from natural conversation.     

Bridging professional and mutual-help: An application of the transtheoretical model to the mutual-help organization

The authors suggest that the mental health system of the nation could benefit by more fully embracing the idea of mutual-help (i.e., self-help), and this collaboration could be facilitated by the utilization of a well-established clinical theory to elucidate the psychological processes at work within mutual-help organizations. The processes of change of the transtheoretical model is offered as one potential framework. This well-established model has been used to help psychologists better understand clinical and professional phenemonena, but, to date, has been used less frequently with non-professional interventions. This article applies the ten processes of change of the transtheoretical model to mutual-help organizations, focusing on four groups, including Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Oxford House, GROW, and Schizophrenics Anonymous. The advantages of the transtheoretical model and its potential ability to act as a common language across clinical professionals and mutual-help organizations are discussed. In addition, advantages of bolstering the present mental health system using combinations of both forms of care along the recovery continuum are described.     

Conjoint design and analysis of the bilinear model: An application to judgments of risk

Conjoint measurement tests which are applicable to a (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) experimental design for the study of the general bilinear model are developed. The tests permit detecting the cause of each failure of the data to satisfy the model, and of measuring the tradeoffs between variables when the model is satisfied. All tests and analyses are illustrated with an application of the model to the assessment of the riskiness of gambles. The method is compared with the use of duplex gambles and other compound and contingent compositions in terms of their appropriate roles in the study of the decision process.     

Correspondence and mediational properties of the Fishbein model: An application to adolescent alcohol use

The generalizability of the Fishbein model for behavior prediction was extended to a new field behavior, alcohol drinking by adolescents. The model's two components (i.e., attitudes and normative beliefs) varied in their predictive importance depending on the behavior's situational context. Following this field demonstration, two issues related to properties affecting the model's predictive effectiveness were investigated. First, it was found that the predictability of alcohol-drinking intentions (BI) declined when attitudes (A_act) and normative beliefs (NB) did not correspond with BI in terms of alcohol type (beer, liquor, or wine) and drinking situation (home, party, or pub). A second experiment tested the hypothesis that exogenous variables (those other than A_act and NB) would have a direct influence on BI. A comprehensive test was provided within the context of Jessor's multivariate predictive system for adolescent alcohol use. Present data indicate only a marginal increase in explained variance occurred when applying this system, thereby generally indicating the sufficiency of the Fishbein model's two components.     

Mentoring youth: trend and tradition

This article aims to encourage dialogue about the shift from traditional to contemporary mentoring and to ask what can be learned from inquiry into optimal mentor relationships and how we might utilise these findings within more formal mentoring schemes. It examines research into optimal mentor relationships and provides a model for understanding these alliances. It discusses current government initiatives, and makes recommendations and suggestions for setting up mentor programmes for young people.     

An application of the poisson race model to confidence calibration

In tasks as diverse as stock market predictions and jury deliberations, a person's feelings of confidence in the appropriateness of different choices often impact that person's final choice. The current study examines the mathematical modeling of confidence calibration in a simple dual-choice task. Experiments are motivated by an accumulator model, which proposes that information supporting each alternative accrues on separate counters. The observer responds in favor of whichever alternative's counter first hits a designated threshold. Confidence can then be scaled from the difference between the counters at the time that the observer makes a response. The authors examine the overconfidence result in general and present new findings dealing with the effect of response bias on confidence calibration.     

Mentoring in academia: An examination of the experiences of protégés of color

This study examines the mentoring experiences of African, Hispanic, and Native-American protégés in an academic setting. In doing so we consider whether surface-level and deep-level similarity are related to relationship satisfaction and perceived levels of support. Specifically, we consider whether for protégés of color, having a mentor who is also of color and/or who is perceived as having similar values is positively associated with satisfaction and support. Additionally, we examine from the perspective of those who mentor protégés of color, whether their relationship satisfaction is associated with having a protégé who is similar or different with regards to race/ethnicity and perceived value similarity. Finally, we consider the mediating roles of interpersonal comfort and commitment. Our results indicate that graduate students of color receive more psychosocial and instrumental support from, and are more satisfied with mentors of color. Further, interpersonal comfort and commitment mediate the relationships between surface and deep-level similarity and mentoring outcomes.     

An application of the variable perspective model in interpersonal conflict resolution

The perspective model of attitude judgment was used as a basis for making predictions concerning interpersonal confiict. Forty-four pairs of undergraduate males negotiated an annual wage increase in a simulated labor-management dispute. Subjects in pairs negotiated from either same or different perspectives. Psychological perspective was manipulated experimentally by the suggestion of either a narrow or broad range of typical wage increase settlements. As predicted, discrepant perspectives were either facilitative or debilitative to reaching agreement depending on the direction of the discrepancy. Increasing width of perspective by raising upper anchor did not significantly affect the amount of the settlement. The hypothesized dynamic aspects of the perspective model were confirmed in that holding amount of settlement constant, satisfaction with the settlement was a function of perspective.     

An application of the prototype willingness model to drivers' speeding behaviour

We tested the prototype willingness model (PWM). The participants (N = 198) completed online questionnaire measures of PWM constructs (Time 1) and subsequent speeding behaviour (Time 2). Path analyses showed that the PWM accounted for 89% of the variance in subsequent (self‐reported) speeding behaviour. This significantly exceeded the variance accounted for by the theory of planned behaviour. In line with the PWM, both behavioural intention and behavioural willingness had direct effects on behaviour. Behavioural willingness had a significantly larger effect. Attitude and subjective norm both had indirect effects on behaviour through both behavioural intention and behavioural willingness. Prototype (similarity) perceptions had indirect effects on behaviour through behavioural willingness only. The findings support the notion that driving is governed by reactive decision‐making (willingness), underpinned by prototype perceptions, attitudes and subjective norms, to a greater extent than it is deliberative decision‐making (intentions), underpinned by attitudes and subjective norms. The implications for safety interventions are discussed.     

Predicting participation in premarital prevention programs: the health belief model and social norms

The development of effective programs to prevent marital dysfunction has been a recent focus for marital researchers, but the effective dissemination of these programs to engaged couples has received relatively little attention. The purpose of this study is to determine which factors predict couples' participation in premarital counseling. Predictive factors were derived from the health prevention literature, with a particular focus on the health belief model (HBM). Couples' beliefs and attitudes about premarital counseling were assessed at least six months before their wedding, and participation was assessed after their wedding. Results indicate that the strongest predictors of couples' participation were couples' perceptions of barriers to counseling and whether they had counseling recommended to them. These variables predicted participation even after controlling for important demographic variables. Recommendations for recruiting engaged couples for premarital counseling are made based on the findings.