非英语专业大学生短文写作元认知发展的一般特点

对1043名大学生(有效被试1012人)进行英文写作元认知、自我效能、成就目标、价值、内控性的测量,旨在了解非英语专业大学生英文写作元认知各维度的一般性发展特点。结果发现:语言策略、作文标准、准备性和计划性上存在年级差异;对作为作者的自己的优点的了解、对作为作者的自己的缺点的了解、语言策略知识、元认知体验、计划性、准备性、调节性上存在性别差异;在英文写作自我效能、价值、成就目标、内控性高分组与低分组间元认知水平差异达到显著性,且高分组具有较高的英文写作元认知水平。     

英文短文写作元认知、动机性因素与作文成绩之间关系的研究

随机选取大一、大二和大三学生共1043人为被试,采用协方差结构模型考察了非英语专业大学生英文写作元认知、自我效能、任务价值、成就目标、归N和英语作文成绩之间的关系。研究结果表明：（1）自我效能、任务价值、成就目标、归N两两相关且对英文写作元认知有直接影响,并通过英文写作元认知对英语作文成绩有间接影响;（2）英文写作元认知和自我效能对英语作文成绩有直接影响;（3）自我效能对英文写作元认知的影响力最大。     

学困生关于材料特征的元认知知识与应用的实验研究

本研究以62名学习困难学生(以下简称差生或学困生)和63名优生为被试,采用三因素混合实验设计,对优差生的阅读元认知知识及其应用特点进行了研究。结果表明：(1)优生对材料组织特征的元认知知识水平显著高于对词汇难度特征的元认知知识水平,而差生不存在显著差异;(2)九年级学生对材料组织特征的元认知知识水平显著高于词汇难度特征的元认知知识水平;其他年级之间没有显著差异;(3)在实际的阅读过程中,优生进行时间分配的人数显著多于学困生;学习困难学生的元认知知识与元认知控制的联系显著弱于优生。     

教学活动条件下大学生英语写作元认知的特点

根据Flavell的元认知理论框架,拟订了写作元认知教学的原则,并以此对两个班62名一年级大学生进行了一系列针对大学生英语写作元认知的教学活动。通过采用开放式问卷和周记调查,探究了在教学活动条件下大学生写作元认知的特点。周记调查表明:教学活动条件下,大学生的英语写作元认知特点反映出教学原则的构想,即英语写作元认知体现为元认知知识和元认知体验两大要素。元认知知识由任务知识、主体知识和策略知识构成,元认知体验分为积极与消极体验。开放式问卷结果表明:英语写作元认知有一定的发展性。这些结果验证并丰富了Flavell的元认知理论,对我国大学英语写作教学实践有着重要的启示。     

小学生写作元认知的问卷编制

该研究采用分层随机抽样的方法,对小学四五六年级学生的写作元认知情况进行了调查,然后利用因素分析的方法,根据心理测量学的原理自行编制了一套小学生写作元认知问卷。因素分析的结果表明,小学生写作元认知包括三个大的因素:写作元认知监控和体验、写作元认知知识和策略以及写作元认知评估。     

大学生外语写作自我效能感在写作焦虑对写作成绩影响中的中介效应

在外语写作课堂教学的情境下,使用写作自我效能感量表、外语写作焦虑量表和一篇英语命题作文分别调查356名大学一年级学生的外语写作自我效能感、写作焦虑与外语写作成绩,探讨写作自我效能感在写作焦虑与写作成绩之间的中介效应。结果表明:(1)外语写作焦虑显著负向预测外语写作自我效能感;(2)外语写作自我效能感显著正向预测外语写作成绩;(3)外语写作自我效能感在外语写作焦虑对外语写作成绩的影响中起到了完全中介的作用。     

元认知监测与算术知识制约小学儿童心算策略运用能力的发展:一年纵向考察

为探究元认知监测与算术知识对儿童心算策略运用能力的影响如何随个体发展而变化，采用计算机任务与纸笔测量的方法，对85名小学三、五年级儿童进行了历时一年的纵向追踪研究。研究发现：（1）两组儿童的元认知监测和算术知识均呈增长趋势，算术知识的增长速度五年级显著快于三年级，且元认知监测增长速度与算术知识增长速度显著相关；（2）两组儿童中，元认知监测与算术知识增长速度更快的个体策略执行反应时与错误率的减少速度也更快；（3）五年级儿童的算术知识在元认知监测影响策略选择发展中起着完全中介作用。     

小学儿童在线和离线元认知监控的发展特点及其对问题解决的影响

本研究以小学二、四、六年级儿童为被试,在不同难度的拼图任务中考查其在线和离线元认知监控的发展特点及其对问题解决的影响。结果表明:(1)小学儿童的在线元认知监控能力随年级升高而提高,六年级儿童的计划时间显著长于二、四年级儿童。(2)准确预测和评价任务执行时间的人数百分比随年级升高而依次增加;而难度评价准确性在四、六年级间发展较平稳,并高于二年级。(3)在线和离线元认知监控对问题解决的影响与任务难度有关,在简单和中等难度任务中,离线元认知判断有助于问题解决;而在复杂任务中,在线元认知监控促进问题解决。     

音标-语音意识的整合训练对英文准朗读的作用

采用前-后测对照组的准实验设计,以39名小学一年级学生为音标知识、音素分解与合成技能相整合的干预组,以23名小学一年级学生为音标知识、音素分解、合成、删除与替换技能相整合的干预组,以28名小学三年级学生为对照组,主要考察了音标-语音意识的整合训练对于英文准朗读技能的作用。结果表明:(1)音标-语音意识的整合训练,有助于小学一年级学生英语语音意识和英文准朗读技能的提高;(2)小学一年级学生英文准朗读技能的培养,有助于其英文朗读技能的培养;(3)音标知识、音素分解与合成技能相整合的训练方案,以及音标知识、音素分解、合成、删除与替换技能相整合的训练方案,均有利于提高小学一年级学生的英文准朗读技能和朗读技能;不过,前一种方案的训练效果,不如后一种方案。     

小学三年级数学学优生与学困生解决比较问题的差异

运用实验法和临床访谈法研究了数学学优生与学困生在解决比较问题时的差异及元认知对解题成绩的影响。被试为40名小学三年级学生。比较问题分为一致问题和不一致问题。元认知包括元认知知识和元认知监控技能。结果表明：(1)学优生与学困生解决比较问题的成绩差异显著,学优生在一致问题和不一致问题上的解题成绩均优于学困生。这种差异与其解题时所运用的表征策略有关。(2)学生在解决比较问题中出现的主要错误为转换错误,在不一致问题中出现的错误多于一致问题中出现的错误。(3)学优生与学困生在元认知知识和监控技能上均有显著差异,元认知监控技能对解决比较问题的成绩有显著预测作用。     

Multiple goals, writing strategies, and written outcomes for college students learning English as a second language

This study examined relations of achievement goals of writers who are speakers of English as a foreign language (EFL), the frequency of their writing strategy use, and the quality of their writing from a multiple goals perspective. The goal profiles of 57 EFL college students with similar writing proficiency were based on rating items of an unpublished scale; Group 1 had strong mastery and strong performance-approach goals, and two groups included students with only one strong mastery (Group 2) or performance (Group 3) goal. Think-aloud protocols indicated that the participants adopted 21 strategies in an argumentative writing task, classified into five categories. Group 1 was found to use writing strategies of monitoring or evaluating, revising, and compensating significantly more often than the other two groups, and produced better essays. Strong mastery and performance-approach goals might be beneficial for EFL college writers.     

High school students' perceptions of EFL teacher control orientations and their English academic achievement

Background. Theories distinguish between student‐initiated and teacher‐initiated regulation of students' learning activities, or between strong, shared, or loose teacher control during the completion of learning tasks. Empirical validations for such distinctions are scarce, however. Aim. The present study aimed at (a) investigating students' perceptions of control behaviours exhibited by their English teachers; and (b) exploring the contribution of different types of teacher control behaviours to students' cognitive outcomes (English Achievement). Sample. The sample comprised 732 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students studying in three major fields of high school (Mathematics, Natural Science, and Humanities). The participants (16–17 years of age) were selected from third‐grade classes of 27 EFL teachers working in 25 high schools of 6 main different geographical regions in the Isfahan province, Iran. Method. To obtain a comprehensive picture of different control types exhibited by Iranian EFL teachers, the control subscales of the two existing questionnaires, i.e., the Questionnaire on Instructional Behaviours (QIB), adapted by Den Brok et al. (2004) and the Questionnaire on Lesson Activities (QLA) used by Den Brok (2001) were merged to form the Questionnaire of Teacher Control (QTC). The development of this Persian instrument involved several steps: translation and back translation by the researchers, one expert translator, and two EFL teachers; piloting; and a final administration of the questionnaire to the student sample. With respect to the second aim of the study, data regarding students' performances on the Standardized National English Achievement Tests were gathered from local educational offices and schools. Results and conclusion. Statistical analyses supported acceptable reliability and validity of the instrument. A main factor structure with three types of teacher control (strong/high, shared/mid, and loose/low) was found to underlie students' perceptions. The results of multi‐level analyses indicated that a relatively large amount of variance was explained by the control variables and student variables, and teacher control had a statistically significant effect on student outcomes. Students' English achievement was lowest when they felt control was their teachers' prerogative, higher when they themselves exerted their own control (low teacher control), and highest under shared (mid) control behaviours.     

Chinese University Students’ Perceptions of Plagiarism

This study examines Chinese undergraduates’ perceptions of plagiarism in English academic writing in relation to their disciplinary background (i.e., hard vs. soft disciplines), academic enculturation (i.e., length of study in university), and gender. Drawing on data collected from 270 students at two universities in China, it finds clear discipline-based differences in participants’ knowledge of plagiarism and perceptions about its causes; an enculturational effect on perceived acceptability of and condemnatory attitudes toward plagiarism, with senior students being less harsh than their junior counterparts; and complex interactions among disciplinary background, length of study, and gender. Furthermore, it reveals conceptions of (il)legitimate intertextuality (i.e., textual borrowing) differing from those prevalent in Anglo American academia and clearly punitive stances on perceived plagiarism. These results suggest the need to take an educative rather than punitive approach to source use in English academic writing.     

青少年元认知、大五人格与学习适应行为的关系

研究试图探讨青少年学习适应行为的认知机制以及大五人格特质在其中所起的作用.采用青少年社会适应行为量表、大五人格简式量表及元认知问卷对广州市985名中学生进行测试.结果表明:(1)学校、年级因素在元认知总分、学习适应行为上均存在显著差异;(2)学习适应行为与元认知、大五人格各维度均存在显著相关;(3)大五人格各特质在元认知与学习适应行为的关系间起到中介作用.     

The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale: psychometric properties

This study was undertaken to construct the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale in two comparable Arabic and English versions. The intent was to provide a research tool as well as a measure of predisposition to develop anxiety in general among adults and adolescents. The scale is comprised by 20 brief statements answered on a 4-point intensity scale, anchored by 1: Rarely and 4: Always. Factor analysis yielded three high-loaded factors of Cognitive/Affective, Behavioral/Subjective, and Somatic Anxiety, with moderate interfactor correlations. Item-remainder correlations ranged from .27 to .74. Reliabilities ranged from .88 to .92 (alpha) and between .70 and .93 (test-retest), denoting good internal consistency and stability. Criterion-related validity of the scale ranged between .70 and .88 (5 criteria), while the loadings of the scale on a general factor of anxiety were .93 and .95 in two factor analyses, demonstrating the scale's criterion-related and factorial validity. Discriminant validity of the scale was demonstrated. The scale correlated .65 with scores on the Beck Depression scale. Male adolescents attained a higher mean score than male undergraduates. Females have significantly higher mean scores than their male counterparts. Kuwaiti norms (N = 4,660) were reported. An English version of the scale is available.     

What do academics know and do about plagiarism? An interview study with Chinese university teachers of English

Previous research on plagiarism has increased awareness and knowledge of the various aspects of this issue, such as contributing factors to plagiarism, students’ and teachers’ perceptions of plagiarism, and institutional policies and regulations on plagiarism. Yet much of this research, especially on the latter two aspects, has been conducted in Anglo-American contexts or English-as-a-second-language (ESL) settings (where English is an official or important language in the larger societal context), while the diversity of English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) contexts (where English as a foreign language is largely used only in the language classroom) remains relatively under-researched. Of those studies that did focus on EFL contexts, the majority were based on survey data that were limited in the depth of information collected. To address this relative lack of in-depth understanding of how plagiarism is understood and acted against in EFL contexts, this paper reports on an interview study with 13 EFL teachers from 12 universities in mainland China. The study focused on the teachers’ knowledge and attitudes concerning plagiarism, plagiarism-related pedagogical practices, as well as perceived stances and expectations of their institutions in plagiarism prevention. Its findings contribute to the current knowledge base of EFL academics’ views and practices regarding plagiarism, add to our understanding of EFL teachers’ experiences concerning plagiarism in specific educational settings, and inform institutions’ efforts to develop and improve strategies and policies for preventing plagiarism.