Criterial problems in creative cognition research

In creative cognition research, the Romantic view about creative cognition is traditionally rejected in favor of the modern view. The modern view about creative cognition maintains that creativity is neither mysterious nor unintelligible and that it is indeed susceptible to analysis. The paradigmatic objects of analysis in creative cognition research have been creative output and the creative process. The degree of creativity of an output is assessed in accordance with certain criterial definitions. The degree of creativity of a cognitive process is assessed in accordance with certain models of creative cognition, psychometric test measures, and neuroimaging studies that are grounded in certain criteria for assessment. The reliance on criterial definitions and criteria for assessment in analyzing either the creative output or the creative process suggests that creative cognition researchers remain under the sway of the classical, bundles-of-criteria theory of meaning. In this paper, I will critically evaluate the criterial problems that confront both criterial definitions and criteria for assessment before proposing an alternative theory of meaning.     

问题解决:涵义、过程与教学模式

提高学生解决问题能力已经成为现代教育的一个重要目标。问题解决就是由一定情境引起的,按照一定的目标,应用各种认知活动、技能等,经过一系列思维操作,使问题得以解决的过程。本文界定了问题和问题解决的概念内涵,构建了问题解决的过程模型,进而提出了问题解决的教学模式和教学策略。     

Etiologic and pathogenetic aspects of the demyelinating process in multiple sclerosis

In our opinion there is no specific germ for multiple sclerosis. The pathogenic process is developed after a clinically "silent" period and results in a demyelinization process. Partially genetical aspects have to take into account for certain disease processes. Up to now both, the theory of infection as well as the neuroallergetic theory are of importance.     

从归因视角探讨组织公正感产生机制

目前组织公正感研究的重点是组织公正与后续行为之间的关系,但某一特定事件的公平/不公平感产生的过程却未得到实验检验.本研究旨在将归因理论的观点和方法纳入到公正判断之中,从归因的视角探讨组织公正感的产生机制.研究结果表明,归因过程是公平判断的认知前提,对公平判断有显著的预测作用.     

The unconscious significance of some motivational blockages in students at university

The relevance is explored of certain psychoanalytic formulations to motivational blockages encounted by university students with a general history of satisfactory progress. The process of counselling is examined with two clinical vignettes as examples.     

Inflation of conditional predictions

The authors report 7 experiments indicating that conditional predictions--the assessed probability that a certain outcome will occur given a certain condition--tend to be markedly inflated. The results suggest that this inflation derives in part from backward activation in which the target outcome highlights aspects of the condition that are consistent with that outcome, thus supporting the plausibility of that outcome. One consequence of this process is that alternative outcomes are not conceived to compete as fully as they should. Another consequence is that prediction inflation is resistant to manipulations that induce participants to consider alternative outcomes to the target outcome.     

Bulimia as a failure in separation

This paper deals with describing the dynamics of a certain type of bulimic patient as reflecting a failure in the process of separation. The taking in of food is connected to the process of merging with mother and its expulsion an attempt at separation. A specific treatment plan dealing with these issues is described, with the therapist taking an active role.     

Inebriation and Inspiration? A Review of the Research on Alcohol and Creativity

There is a conception that a uniquely positive correlation prevails between the intake of alcohol and creativity, but only a few experimental studies address this subject. Existing studies together with recent experiments are reviewed. This later series of experiments explored whether or not moderate alcohol intoxication (1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight) facilitated different phasesof the creative process, i.e. preparation, incubation, illumination, verification, and restitution. A hypothesis is derived which postulates that modest alcohol consumption inhibits aspects of creativity based mainly on the secondary process (preparation, certain parts of illumination, and verification), and disinhibits those based mainly on the primary process (incubation, certain parts of illumination, and restitution).     

The linear mixed model and the hierarchical Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model: Some equivalences and differences

We focus on comparing different modelling approaches for intensive longitudinal designs. Two methods are scrutinized, namely the widely used linear mixed model (LMM) and the relatively unexplored Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) process based state‐space model. On the one hand, we show that given certain conditions they result in equivalent outcomes. On the other hand, we consider it important to emphasize that their perspectives are different and that one framework might better address certain types of research questions than the other. We show that, compared to a LMM, an OU process based approach can cope with modelling inter‐individual differences in aspects that are more substantively interesting. However, the estimation of the LMM is faster and the model is more straightforward to implement. The models are illustrated through an experience sampling study.     

Fear of humiliation

This paper explores the ontogeny of fear of humiliation, conceived of as an important organizing affect-laden fantasy in certain narcissistic personality disorders. The influence of the pleasure of the parental object in sadistically humiliating is emphasized in the overdetermined genesis of this fear. While, in elaboration of Loewenstein's (1957) and Eidelberg's (1959) contributions, "seduction of the humiliator" is a fundamental defensive process observed in masochistic characters, identification with the humiliator is a sadonarcissistic defense observed in work with certain narcissistic personality disorders. The countertransference potential to enjoy humiliating such analysands, as well as the defensive functions of fear to humiliation, are noted.     

Deferred decision in human signal detection: A preliminary experiment

In the detection task characterized by deferred decision, the observer is allowed to determine how many observations he will make before deciding whether or not a signal is present, and he is called upon to balance the goals of maximizing accuracy and conserving time. The human observer appears capable of using the optimal process of cumulating sensory information over successive observations, but certain common training procedures lead him to use a less efficient process. Though he displays a consistent decision bias, his performance is also in good agreement with the optimal model of the process of terminating a sequence of observations.     

Contributions of Attachment Research to Understanding Dissociative Attunement

This discussion elaborates the author’s use of attachment theory and research to understanding Susan’s clinical process (see Jacobs, this issue). I have delineated different patterns of attachment, its precursors in infancy, both in infant parent interactions and in parent’s state of mind with respect to attachment. I also link this to how dissociative process can be embedded in a combination of infant disorganization and trauma. I think that clinical applications of the ideas Jacobs and I subscribe to add a great deal to understanding how unformulated experiences with a frightened and frightening parent can lead to a person’s vulnerability to developing dissociative responses to later trauma. The dialogic nature of infant parent attachment experiences can further enrich an understanding of how certain transference–countertransference enactments are manifestations of certain kinds of procedural or relational knowing. In this way, clinicians can further understand the possibilities for psychic transformation as embedded in bearing that which was experienced but which cannot yet be known.     

Conversation through actions and the changing of epistemic states in a game

When a person performs a certain action, it signifies that he is causing a certain event to occur. Therefore the action is conveying a certain true sentence. Playing a game is a mutual activity, namely the listener and the speaker undertake an exchange through a linguistic dialogue or communicate through action. Because of the peculiar nature of the action, the actions in games belong to an activity where the speaker speaks “true words” and the listener hears “true words.” A static game is a process through which the participants are simultaneously “speaking” and “listening”; and a dynamic game is a process where speaking and listening take place in turn. Each step of a dynamic game is a “speaking-listening” exchange. Through “listening” and “speaking,” changes in the epistemic states of the participants occur. Of course, the degree of change depends on the type of game being played. In a dynamic game, each participant proceeds through a process of induction, and thus forms new epistemic states.     

The innocence of sexuality

The author explores aspects of sexual experiencing as they emerge in the course of development, especially as structured between parents and children. Is a certain mode of "innocent" sexual relating an important outcome of the developmental process, and does this mode have a place in the analytic process? The author suggests that the restoration of a capacity for sexual experiencing that is relatively free of convoluted developmental legacies may represent an important achievement in analytic work; and that the analyst's participation in this process, using his or her own capacity for "innocent" sexual responsiveness, may be essential to this outcome.     

Discriminative activation and maintenance of contingent self-reinforcement

The present experiment studied the process by which environmental events come to exercise some degree of control over the activation of contingent self-reinforcement. Through differential training, animals learned to impose performance requirements for self-reward in certain environmental contexts but not in others. Both contextual influences and periodic negative consequences for noncontingent self-reward increased adherence to response requisites for self-reinforcement.     

The Construction of Mind,Self, and Society: The Social Process Behind G. H. Mead'S Social Psychology

Mind, Self, and Society, the posthumously published volume by which George Herbert Mead is primarily known, poses acute problems of interpretation so long as scholarship does not consider the actual process of its construction. This paper utilizes extensive archival correspondence and notes in order to analyze this process in depth. The analysis demonstrates that the published form of the book is the result of a consequential interpretive process in which social actors manipulated textual documents within given practical constraints over a course of time. The paper contributes to scholarship on Mead by indicating how this process made possible certain understandings of his social psychology and by relocating the materials that make up the single published text within the disparate contexts from which they were originally drawn.     

Women and Spirit

The rules that guide the process of knowing in Western cultures are linked with the exclusion of certain realities. These rules of knowing shape what is known and are also linked with patriarchy, hierarchy, and oppression. Euro-American political, economic, and intellectual history forms a hegemony of interacting forces affecting the fabric of our lives and the nature and direction of our thoughts. This article, through the discussion of spirituality within psychology, explores the domination of certain ways of knowing and the necessity of including multiple epistemoloies and multiple experiences within feminist psychology.     

图形负荷下的字音匹配加工

本研究采用图形负荷法研究汉字语音匹配加工,实验结果倾向支持两半球均势论,并认为右半球可能具有一定的语音加工能力.有关结论和解释还需进一步论证.     

Reply to benjamin

Action and insight form an essential dialectic within the psychoanalytic process. Yet many recent psychoanalytic formulations, while emphasizing integration, have continued to view psychoanalytic and action‐oriented techniques dichotomously. It is reasoned that certain behavioral‐cognitive techniques that promote adaptive behavior can become an active part of an in‐depth analytic experience, providing material for an exploration that results in new ways not only of relating but also of experiencing the self and others. Such an approach, while at times helpful to certain patients, can be counterproductive for others. An integrative approach is compatible with many recent psychoanalytic frameworks emphasizing a two‐person psychology, but not with a one‐person vision of the psychoanalytic situation; in the two‐person view, it is reasoned that an integrative approach is capable of maintaining the integrity of the analytic process. The outlined technique reflects a relational psychoanalytic orientation emphasizing internalized object relations, with the use of action‐oriented techniques organized by the superordinate goal of modifying psychic structure, conceptualized principally in terms of self‐ and object‐representations. Reasoning that this approach is congruent with certain theoretical contributions from Gill, Mitchell, Sandier, and especially Wachtel, among others, I state underlying assumptions of the approach, preliminary technical guidelines, and illustrative case material.