阅读中的“心不在焉”:理论假设和影响因素

人们在阅读时,思维有时会游离到所读内容之外,此时人们的目光虽然还在沿着所读材料移动,但认知加工却游离到一些与任务无关的内容上,这就是所谓阅读中的"心不在焉"。本文总结归纳了阅读中"心不在焉"的三个主要理论假设:执行控制理论、控制失败假说和注意解离假说。分析了阅读中"心不在焉"的三种影响因素:第一,阅读方式,即被试采取朗读或默读的阅读方式以及阅读时是否有时间限制等;第二,阅读材料,即材料难度、阅读兴趣与词汇特征;第三,被试的年龄、元觉察能力和工作记忆容量。最后提出了一些目前阅读中的"心不在焉"研究中存在的问题和未来可能的研究方向,为后续的研究提供一定的启发和借鉴。     

自发走神和有意走神及其与元认知的关系

走神包括有意走神和自发走神两种类型,元认知对二者的影响可能不同。研究使用两维度走神量表和元认知-30量表,对国内部分高校学生的走神和元认知(元认知信念、元认知加工和认知自信判断)进行调查,结果显示:(1)走神可以划分为有意走神和自发走神;(2)失控和危险感既能预测自发走神也能预测有意走神,但认知自信只能预测自发走神,认知的自我意识只能预测有意走神。说明元认知对自发走神和有意走神的影响存在差异。     

寻找自我:基于认知神经的观点

默认网络相关研究表明,生物进化的社会适应性建构了自我的认知神经基础,与James的自我结构相对应:主我位于后部扣带回,精神自我位于内侧前额叶,身体自我位于顶下小叶和脑岛; 并且与内侧前额叶、顶下小叶和后部扣带回之间的信息传递相关。个体在基线水平的大脑活动表明,自我是通过后部扣带回接收并调节全脑(包括表征客我的脑区)信息流,随时准备将外界满足需要有利于个体生存的资源纳入其中的神经系统。对于探讨“认识自我”这个古老的哲学问题与现代认知神经科学之间的关系有重要意义。     

The eyes know what you are thinking: eye movements as an objective measure of mind wandering

Paralleling the recent work by Reichle, Reineberg, and Schooler (2010), we explore the use of eye movements as an objective measure of mind wandering while participants performed a reading task. Participants were placed in a self-classified probe-caught mind wandering paradigm while their eye movements were recorded. They were randomly probed every 2–3 min and were required to indicate whether their mind had been wandering. The results show that eye movements were generally less complex when participants reported mind wandering episodes, with both duration and frequency of within-word regressions, for example, becoming significantly reduced. This is consistent with the theoretical claim that the cognitive processes that normally influence eye movements to enhance semantic processing during reading exert less control during mind wandering episodes.     

Positive and negative mind wandering: an assessment of their relationship with mindfulness and metacognition in university students / Divagación mental positiva y negativa: evaluando su relación con la atención plena y la metacognición en estudiantes universitarios

Abstract

This article reports the results of an initial study whose purpose was to create a mind wandering scale in Spanish through documenting evidence of its validity. Then, it presents the results of a second study that develops correlation and regression analysis on the relationship between positive and negative mind wandering, mindfulness, metacognition and frequency of daydreaming. Positive mind wandering has a positive correlation with all the mindfulness facets and metacognition scales, with the exception of the Academic Difficulties scale. Negative mind wandering has a negative correlation with all the mindfulness facets and metacognition scales, with two exceptions: Observing, which is uncorrelated with Negative Mind Wandering, and Academic Difficulties, which correlates positively. Likewise, the study allowed a preliminary identification of how positive and negative mind wandering — as well as facets of mindfulness — predict different metacognition scales. Upon examination of interaction effects, three significant — negative — effects were detected between positive mind wandering and the frequency of daydreaming when predicting (i) Independent Thinking, (ii) Academic Self-efficacy and (iii) Metacognitive Strategies. This suggests that, for these three response variables, the positive effects associated with positive mind wandering decrease as the frequency of daydreaming increases.     

Enactive or inactive? Cranially envatted dream experience and the extended conscious mind

When we dream, it is often assumed, we are isolated from the external environment. It is also commonly believed that dreams can be, at times, accurate, convincing replicas of waking experience. Here I analyse some of the implications of this view for an enactive theory of conscious experience. If dreams are, as described by the received view, “inactive”, or “cranially envatted” whilst replicating the experience of being awake, this would be problematic for certain extended conscious mind theories. Focusing specifically on Alva Noë’s enactive view, according to which the vehicles of perceptual experience extend beyond the brain, I argue that dreams are a quandary. Noë’s view is that dreaming is consistent with enactivism because even if dreams are inactive and shut off from the external environment, they are not “full-blown” perceptual consciousness, and also, there is some reason to reject the inactive claim. However, this view rests on an unjustified and reductive account of dreams which is not supported by empirical evidence. Dreams can indeed replicate waking phenomenal experience during inactive periods of sleep, and we have no reason to suspect that dreams which are more inactive are less “full-blown”. Taken together, this shows that dreams are indeed relevant to extended conscious mind theories and need to be taken into account by enactivists.     

心智游移的研究：理论、方法及进展

心智游移普遍存在于个体的意识体验中,主要指自发产生的、与当前外界环境无关的思维加工。目前,有关心智游移的理论在其与执行控制的关系上存在争议,主要有心智游移的执行控制理论、控制失败假说和全局可用性假说等。当前的研究主要基于口头报告,并辅以问卷和量表,一些客观指标和认知神经科学的方法也正尝试着对它进行探究。采用这些方法,心智游移的研究已取得了很大的进展。在行为水平上,相关研究探讨了它的时间属性、与元意识的关系、不同因素对它的作用以及它对认知加工的影响等;在认知神经水平上,默认网络与心智游移的关系备受关注,对心智游移时脑电成分的研究也有助于对其机制的了解。未来的研究在心智游移的产生机制、功能和研究方法上可以有进一步的发展。     

毅力与学业成绩的关系：有意走神和自发走神的不同中介作用

以3372名5年级小学生为研究对象,采用毅力量表、有意走神和自发走神量表以及学业成绩测验,考察毅力（兴趣一致性和坚持努力）对学业成绩的影响,并检验有意走神和自发走神的中介作用。结果发现：（1）兴趣一致性和坚持努力均显著正向预测学业成绩;（2）有意走神、自发走神在兴趣一致性和坚持努力与学业成绩之间均起显著的中介作用,但两者的中介作用模式存在差异。有意走神在兴趣一致性和坚持努力与学业成绩间的中介作用不同：兴趣一致性负向影响有意走神,有意走神正向影响学业成绩,坚持努力正向影响有意走神,有意走神正向影响学业成绩;而自发走神在兴趣一致性和坚持努力对学业成绩预测的中介作用相同,即兴趣一致性和坚持努力均负向影响自发走神,自发走神负向影响学业成绩。