友谊和道德发展关系的理论和研究

该文从哲学的理论和心理学的实证两方面论述了友谊和道德的关系。认为友谊和道德是密不可分的 :道德主要是一种人际结构 ,友谊基本上是一种道德现象 ,友谊还是道德发展的一个重要背景 ;友谊和道德具有一种潜在的对立性。最后提出了在友谊和道德领域值得注意的研究方向。     

友谊和道德发展关系的理论和研究

该文从哲学的理论和心理学的实证两方面论述了友谊和道德的关系。认为友谊和道德是密不可分的：道德主要是一种人际结构,友谊基本上是一种道德现象,友谊还是道德发展的一个重要背景;友谊和道德具有一种潜在的对立性。最后提出了在友谊和道德领域值得注意的研究方向。     

市场经济的道德价值评价标准和方法论问题

对于社会主义商品经济和市场经济的道德价值评价,之所以众说纷法,其根本原因是在两大问题上的分歧和不同。一是道德价值评价标准的分歧,二是探讨经济与道德之间关系的方法论不同。道德价值评价,是道德主体依据自身的需要所凝结抽象而成的道德价值评价标准对道德客体的道德价值进行认知、判断和评定的一种道德活动。因此,直接影响到道德价值评价质量的重要因素主要就是道德价值评价标准和道德价值评价方法。什么是道德价值评价标准？道德价值评价标准,是道德主体依据自身的需要所凝结抽象而成的一种价值尺度。在现代社会,以人为本、以…     

报刊文摘

有一种观点认为,经济体制改革要实行承包责任制,要发展商品生产,要突出个人利益,所以它和共产主义道德是相互排斥和对立的。 作者认为这种看法是不对的。首先,从经济体制改革和共产主义道德的性质、目的来看,它们是一致的。经济体制改革的性质是社会主义制度的自我完善和发展,目的是大力发展生产力,促进社会主义经济的发展。共产主义道德是和社会主义经济的发展相适应的。社会主义经济的发展为共产主义道德的发展建立了可靠的经济基础。其次,从道德和利益的关系来看,二者是紧密相联系的。利益是道德的基础。共产主义道德既不否认集体利益的存在,     

在发展商品经济条件下怎样看待道德

我们并不赞成经济道德化的口号,也不赞成道德商品化的口号。商品经济作为一种经济生活的形式,必然要求有一个与之相适应的道德关系,否则就不利于其存在和发展。道德要求既是商品经济发展所必需,又是道德在商品经济活动中的一种发展。而现实生活中那种表现在商品经济活动中的不道德现象,不仅与道德的发展相抵触,也是与商品经济的正常发展相抵触的。商品经济本身的最基本的道德要求,理应是兼顾和摆正商品生产、商品流通和交换、商品消费这三个环节的利益关系。     

论经济改革和道德发展

经济体制改革是一场深刻的革命,它不仅冲击着我国政治、经济生活的各个方面,也促使社会生活方式和人们思维方式以及社会伦理道德观念的变化。这些变化,所反映出来的人们相互之间的关系,都与道德的基本问题、道德的基本原则和道德规范密切相关。从伦理学角度讲,改革本身就蕴含着道德问题。当前经济改革的实践,正在改变和丰富人们的道德观念,必将促进道德的发展。     

经济伦理道德建设：对市场经济的适应和超越

社会主义市场经济发展的现实要求我们必须加强经济伦理学道德建设。经济伦理道德建设必须建立在对市场经济的适应和超越这两个层面上 ,实现构想一种最低要求和最高要求相结合、广泛性和先进性相结合、现实性和理想性相结合的经济伦理道德价值体系 ,为进一步完善和发展社会主义市场经济体系 ,为实现社会主义四个现代化提供坚实的经济伦理保障。     

信誉的经济价值和道德价值

信誉的经济价值和道德价值祈述宏信誉是一个重要的道德范畴和经济范畴。在建立社会主义市场经济体系过程中,要特别重视信誉的作用和价值,这对于我国经济建设的健康发展和良好社会风气的形成具有重要的意义。信誉的内涵是随着社会的进步与发展而不断丰富和发展的。信誉是...     

道德的内容和形式在历史上的发展变化

作为一种社会意识形态的道德,是否在不断发展变化着的呢?在人类的历史上,是否存在着永恒不变的道德原则呢?这是马克思主义的道德科学同资产阶级伦理学的一大争论。马克思主义以前的伦理学。总以为在人类世界上存在着一种先验的、永恒不变的道德原则。但是,谁也没有说清楚这先验的、永恒不变的道德原则究竟是什么,于是便把道德问题涂上了神秘的色采。自从马克思和恩格斯创立了历史唯物主义的学说以后,肯     

德治思维和道德思维辨析

德治思维和道德思维异中有同,同中有异,因其异中有同而相通,因其同中有异而互补。在思维的主体上,德治思维的主体往往担当统治者、领导者、管理者的角色,而道德思维的主体则是处在国家、行业、团体中或家庭关系中的个体;在现代社会治理中,二者互渗性日趋明显。在思维的内容上,德治思维倾向于整体性的"大问题",道德思维倾向于个体性的"小问题";在德治思维框架下往往能更好解决个体的道德问题,注重个体发展的德治思维,也有利于德治目的的实现。在思维过程上,德治思维是一种外向思维,是制度和规则优先;道德思维是一种内我思维,含有较多经验、意志和情感成分;德治思维要求社会伦理回归于人的内心,道德思维要求个体道德品质化为社会伦理,二者具有互补性。在思维的依据和目的上,德治思维追求伦理秩序,伦理精神和规则是其依据;道德思维追求德性和幸福,道德品质是其直接依据。从社会发展的总体趋势而言,其目的和依据的一致性在不断增强。     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.