原始道家的道论与心性论

心性问题是中国哲学讨论的几个重要问题之一。在中国哲学发展的历史过程中，儒、 释、道三家都曾开创出本门独特的心性思想体系。然而，长期以来在中国思想史的研究中，有一些学 者一直存在一种误解：以为道家（涵道教）之讨论心性问题乃是由于佛教尤其是禅宗“明心见性”思想 刺激的结果。本文作者通过对原始道家道论、心性论思想的研究，认为原始道家以精神提升为归依 的心性哲学乃是内在于其修道、体道思想之中。心性思想奠基于道家道治基础之上，是道论逻辑展 开的必然结果。作者还着重结合禅宗心性理论探讨了原始道家心性思想的特色。     

老子道论的人学本质

道家思想以道论为核心内容。理解老子道论,是把握老子哲学精神的关键所在。道论,亦即今语所谓本体论。问题在于,应如何理解这个本体的涵义?以往讲老子,一个最大的问题,就是以西方哲学的本体观念附会老子道论,无形中产生了对它的种种曲解。西方哲学倾向于从理论的立场出发讲形上学,老子的道论却是一种人学本体论,二者有很大的差异。 老子所谓道,不是一个理论化了的形式存有的概念。以人生或人的精神生活为核心,从人存在的文化显现的总体性上确立作为形上本体的道,这是老子道论的出发点。     

道家生死论与临终关怀的文化对策

道家生死论与临终关怀的文化对策首都医科大学（１０００５４）董平,王晓燕临终关怀下的心理安宁,在相当程度上得益于人们对生与死的哲学认知。中国道家生死论推崇“道法自然”,视生死犹如梦觉昼夜,认为出世即是生,入地便是死,生与死不过是自然而然的变化。这种以自...     

老子之道是存在本体与价值本体的统一

老子之道是一种本体论意义的道体,这已成为学界共识。那么,这种道体是如何体现的?我们又该如何从完整的意义上理解它,以便更贴近老子道论哲学思想的主旨?笔者认为,老子道论哲学存在着一个坐标体系:如果说其纵坐标是存在本体的话,那么其横坐标则是价值本体;老子之道是存在本体与价值本体的统一。从纵坐标上说,道体作为形而上的存在本体,是相对于形而下的具体存     

析《文子》自然论统领下的道、气合一思想

《文子》是黄老道家的重要典籍,它在继承战国黄老学思路和资料的基础上,改造了老庄道家的宇宙观。将“道”与“气”相整合,笋以“自然论”贯之,对黄老学的发展做出了贡献,并为两汉哲学战线上目的论与反目的论的斗争奏响了序曲。     

论心性——道体学气论导言

本文按样态、属性、实体重释心性与道体的基本问题,探索道体学气论的不同方案以建立道体学的心性学说;借鉴斯宾诺莎的力量学说将道体解为“气”,但指出其体系给不出心与其他样态的本质区别。通过扬弃莱布尼茨的单子论,提出回应心性问题的道体学气论第二方案。本文扭转了黑格尔对莱布尼茨的解释及德勒兹对黑格尔的批判。道体学气论扬弃了力量及其表现学说,将性解释为一阴一阳或生生,将道体解释为一阴一阳或生生所表现者,将万物解释为对性的表现,将心解释为对性的开显性表现、对天地万物之复。     

《鹖冠子》哲学中“道论”之探析

“道”这一概念,自《老子》以来,已成为道家哲学的学派判准与依归,但是此一概念,自《老子》而后,其内涵因着《老子》后学的不同发展,其概念内涵也有所不同。战国末期之黄老道家《鹖冠子》一般认为仍承袭着黄老道家之道论,但《鹖冠子》对于“道”的关注显然有一歧出之发展,这一歧出不仅在于对天道阴阳的重视,更在于将“道”置于“天”之下,“道”除了作为四时运行之规律、度量准则外,更有所谓地道、人道之说,“道”成为事物之“道”,甚至有“圣生道”之说的提出,说明了《鹖冠子》之于“道”,作为一黄老学者已将“道”返回经验事物之抽象理则,代之而起的是圣人之道、成鸠之道。     

道家德性论的基本特征

道家德性论的独特之处就在于:将形而上的"道"当作思考社会人生问题的起点,并主张效仿"道"的公正无私来守护生命。对于道家而言,人的本性、"德"是"道"的具体表现形式,所以完全顺应自己的本性就能够确保人拥有德性。同时,道家确信"心""知"也是人的本性所固有的功能,并且提出虚静之心是拥有真知与实践智慧的先决条件。此外,道家的德性论还涉及到公正理论以及有关享乐、政治权力等问题,同时由于尊重每个个体生命的平等观念而受到后世学者的青睐。     

程颐说梦的双重意蕴

程颐梦的解释学有两大特点,一是"以理照梦",将"内感梦"与"外感梦"一概视为感应、感通之理之表现,彻底斩断习俗以吉凶祸福论梦这一思维定式,二是将"梦"与儒家修身工夫联系在一起,"梦"自此以后成为儒家"心性修炼"的一个向度,理学工夫论之中的"藉梦卜学"、"梦后自责"、"梦中用功"与"随顺昼夜之道"四种"睡时工夫"皆可溯源于此。     

陈撄宁仙学思想的道统论色彩

继承自家文化的道统是中国传统文化代表人物普遍的心理历程,陈撄宁创立仙学与历史上的中国知识分子一样,是一种“经学忧患意识”形态之道统论的体现。在道教人才极其缺乏的近现代史上,其“提倡仙学,舍我其谁”的豪迈气魄和以道为本、仙道救国的思想体现了他作为近现代史上道家文化大师勇于担当的主体自觉之道统论色彩,代表了道家文化现代重构的宏大声音。     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.