儒学三次复兴的当代启示

当下如何复兴儒学?通过对儒学三次复兴历史的分析与总结,说明当代(当下生活的时代)循宗教的、哲学的、生活的路向复兴儒学都不足取,\"儒学世俗化\"应是当下复兴儒学所应遵循的路向。儒学世俗化,是祛儒学精神贵族化之魅,使之重归原始儒学之世俗情怀与世俗关切,而不是使儒学化为庸俗。为求儒学世俗化,儒学在当代迫切需要实现三大转变:(1)改变立场,由重\"士\"转向重\"民\";(2)改变观念,由不能容忍世俗价值转向重视民众的世俗愿望与世俗要求;(3)改变导向,由专注正面指导人生转向积极关注人生的负面问题。     

谋求儒学的现代转换——梁漱溟与现代中国学术

梁漱溟谋求儒学现代转换的努力首先体现在他对所谓真假儒学的区分上。他认为现世所传的儒学都是假儒学,真儒学是所谓的“自己学”,他并依据自己对“真儒学”是“自己学”的解释,认为孔子创立的真儒学具有“似宗教非宗教,非艺术亦艺术”这样两个显著特征。粱漱溟谋求儒学现代转换的另一努力是援西方柏格森的生命哲学入儒,用前者重新解释和发挥后者,从而使儒学与西方哲学实现某种程度的结合,并在此基础上创立了自己的“新孔学”。     

梁漱溟的“生活”儒学观及其当代启示

面向"生活的本身"是梁漱溟提出的理解儒学的独特视域。在此视域下,梁漱溟不仅揭示了儒学作为切合生活之"理"、人伦之"情"而建构的"生活的学问"的精神特质,还为我们指明了"生活上去理会实践"的"学儒"的基本态度和方法。梁氏这种面向"生活的本身"而论儒学与"学儒"的"生活"儒学观,对我们当代人了解(知)儒学、实践(行)儒学极具借鉴意义。接着梁漱溟来讲,面向"生活的本身",重建儒家思想与当代社会生活的关联,需要当代学者依"生活化"的要求来"说"儒学、"做"儒学;需要社会大众以涵养德性、修身立德为要来读经学儒。     

对复兴儒学的困惑与思考

儒学评价的问题,自“五四”以来,几度成为学术界的热点,扬之者九天,抑之者粪壤,实为最棘手的公案之一。而诸多前辈时贤沉浸其中,钩沉索隐,发微阐幽,各种观点均有相当充分的论述,可谓剩义无多。笔者对此素有兴趣,但于抑扬之际,颇感难以定夺,本无置喙意。年来,随国家经济转型的加速,对文化建设的呼唤也日见强烈,复兴儒学的主张又时见报刊,大意谓东亚各国的经济腾飞有赖于儒学,而我国应借鉴此经验,以倡导推行儒家文化来促进现代化进程。因兹事体大,于国计民生或有关联,故不揣浅陋,略陈多年之困惑,以期引起讨论。     

从“文化断裂”看传统儒学的复兴

儒学在经历了五四以来的深刻而又偏激的批判和文革中全面彻底的扫荡之后,似乎走进了历史的死胡同。改革开放以来,在经济大潮的强力冲击和深层渗透下,现代化语境进一步加深了传统文化的危机并出现了某种意义上的断裂。在这样的情况下,儒学如何摆脱内外困境,重新焕发出生机与活力,成为人们关注的焦点。     

比较的时代:论当代儒学研究的一个重要特点CSSCI

比较研究已经成为当代儒学哲学思想研究中不可或缺的方法,以至于成为这个时代的一个特征。如果说17至19世纪是理性的时代,20世纪是分析的时代,21世纪——至少对哲学而言——则是比较的时代。自上个世纪,面对时代的挑战,新儒家代表人物,牟宗三、唐君毅、方东美、梁漱溟都开始以比较研究的方法发展儒家哲学。比较研究的转向,不仅利于儒学更好地解决新的问题,也利于其在世界哲学中发挥更大的作用。今后,儒家哲学的比较研究应成为更好、更积极、并具有综合性的研究方法。     

梁漱溟生命化儒学的历史内涵与现代意义

在本世纪初中西方思想文化激烈碰撞之际,梁漱溟为复兴儒学,将柏格森的生命哲学引入儒学,使儒学获得了新生命。他从儒家思想中发掘出不为特定时期和社会形态限定的具有世界意义的东西,这构成了20世纪新人本主义的初始环节。梁漱溟深刻认识到了西方社会的弊病和极端唯科学主义的危机,试图以人文关切扫除理智的冷酷,让伦理情谊温暖人心。同时重建儒家道德主义传统,给现代化事业筑立一个精神根基,为人们找回安身立命之所,以回应西化派的挑战。     

传统儒学现代化的一次努力——以梁漱溟的理论和实践为个案的研究

梁漱溟从文化比较的角度 ,以不同于启蒙理性的新思路 ,分析了现代性中的传统、现代化的多元倾向和从民族传统中挖掘现代性资源的重要性。他以传统儒学为基础 ,用佛学和西方哲学对儒学经典进行了现代诠释 ,讨论了儒家传统资源在现代国家和社会建设中可能有的意义。他的乡村建设实验试图重建农村的礼俗机制并导入科学技术 ,以造成儒学复兴的社会基础 ,把寻求传统文化价值的空间 ,从书斋引向社会 ,把传统儒学的道德实践转化为包括经济活动在内的社会整体实践 ,从而扩大了儒学的实践性。     

儒学当代复兴的思想视域问题——\"儒学三期\"新论

儒家没有新的,然而儒学是常新的.儒家的复兴在于儒学的重建.儒学的当代重建必须在当代的\"生活-存在\"的思想视域中进行,才能顺应当代的生活、而避免原教旨主义.这就需要对儒学史进行一种新的认识,为此,本文提出一种新的\"儒学三期\"说.     

当代中国激进的时代思潮:毛泽东和梁漱溟的空想主义

在《马克思主义、毛主义和空想主义:八篇文章》①一书中,迈斯纳将空想主义描述为卡尔·马克思和毛泽东的思想的重要部分.乌托邦是现代革命不可缺少的一个方面,考察毛泽东的空想主义对于理解毛泽东和毛主义十分关键.虽然乌托邦主题最早出现在毛泽东思想中是在1919年,但他的空想主义在1958年大跃进运动中表现得最突出.之后对毛派分子来说中国似乎接近于乌托邦的边缘,他们承诺即将打破当前和过去的状态,即将进入未来的理想社会,就像马克思在他的《哥达纲领批判》②中所描述的那样,在那里将不再有脑力劳动和体力劳动的对立,人们可以得到全面发展.早在30年代,毛泽东的同龄人——梁漱溟——也认为中国处于乌托邦的关键时刻,即有可能打破历史和创造一个理想社会,它建立在人类基本的、良好的能力基础上.从广义上来看,梁漱溟与毛泽东的许多乌托邦观念是一致的.毫无疑问,毛泽东并不是唯一具有"乌托邦倾向"的人.     

毛泽东的中国现代化方案:马克思主义的还是民粹主义的?——从毛泽东与梁漱溟的分歧看

本文从中国现代化的性质界定、中国现代化的道路选择和中国现代化的目标设定三个方面对毛泽东和梁漱溟的现代化方案进行比较,认为尽管毛泽东的现代化方案带有民粹主义的外观,但其本质仍然是马克思主义的。     

梁武帝禁谶纬考

约在普通四年后,鉴于灾异频起而带来的物议沸腾,梁武帝下诏严禁谶纬的流播。长时间的禁令,加上其后梁朝末年台城、江陵两次焚书而必然带来的典籍的亡逸,直接造成了谶纬书籍的散亡。重要的是,这一事件能看出时人,特别是梁武帝对谶纬的心态;双重作用之下,谶纬之学终于成了一门遥远的绝学。     

Reconsidering theological exchange between China and the West

ABSTRACT

By reviewing the Chinese theological publications in the twentieth century, especially during the 1920s–1930s and after the 1980s, this article aims to show that it is not a zero-sum game between the translation of western theological works into Chinese and the publication of original Chinese theological works. The selection of the western works for translation exhibited a certain creativity from the Chinese side, and in turn, the translated works also inspired original Chinese theological works. In the twenty-first century, the Chinese studies of Christianity developed rapidly. Many Chinese Christian theologians published pro-actively in western languages. Due to the recognition of the importance of Christianity in contemporary China and the awareness of the global context for Christian theology, there was a growing interest among western theologians in non-western Christian theology, including Chinese Christian theology. The exchange and collaboration between Chinese and western theologians were particularly prominent on global and public issues.     

On the relationship of hardiness to the Type A behavior pattern: Perception of life events versus coping with life events

A correlational study examined the relationship between perceptions of life events and psychological distress with regard to the moderating effects of personality. Subjects assessed for both hardiness (S. C. Kobasa, 1979, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1–11) and Type A behavior (M. Friedman & R. Rosenman, 1974, Type A Behavior and Your Heart, New York: Knopf) completed the Langner psychiatric symptom inventory, reported life events for the previous year, and rated each event for its desirability, controllability, and foreseeability. Results indicated that an accumulation of events perceived as undesirable was associated with distress for subjects low in hardiness. In contrast, events perceived as moderately controllable or uncontrollable, regardless of their desirability, were associated with increased distress for Type A's. The likelihood of experiencing any given event was not related to any personality type. However, hardy individuals differed from their low hardy counterparts in that, on average, they were more likely to perceive an event as desirable and controllable. No such perceptual biases were observed between Type A and B subjects. The discussion focuses on the combination of personality variables and the moderating effects of perceiving events versus coping with events in the stress-health relationship.     

传教士与华西边疆研究——以华西边疆研究学会为例

由传教士创立的华西边疆研究学会,是中国近代史上第一个以华西边疆①研究为宗旨的国际学术机构,是近代华西文化史上一个具有独特意义的里程碑。具有传教士身份的学者在学会的构建与研究中发挥过重要作用。他们重点考察川西北、川康、川藏及滇北少数民族地区,研究内容涉及人文、自然、科学领域,成果丰硕,有较高学术价值,至今在海内外论著中占有很高引用率。在文化交流中,学会是华西文化西渐之先驱,吸引国际汉学界对华西加以更多关注。     

Nothing compares 2 views: change blindness can occur despite preserved access to the changed information

Change blindness, the failure to detect visual changes that occur during a disruption, has increasingly been used to infer the nature of internal representations. If every change were detected, detailed representations of the world would have to be stored and accessible. However, because many changes are not detected, visual representations might not be complete, and access to them might be limited. Using change detection to infer the completeness of visual representations requires an understanding of the reasons for change blindness. This article provides empirical support for one such reason: change blindness resulting from the failure to compare retained representations of both the pre- and postchange information. Even when unaware of changes, observers still retained information about both the pre- and postchange objects on the same trial.     

In search of the good life: a cultural odyssey in the East and West

In the first part of this article, the authors argue that any conception of well-being is culturally embedded and depends on how the notions of "well" and "being" are defined and practiced in different cultural communities. To support this argument, they conduct a comprehensive review of the empirical literature, which shows that members of individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ in their emotional experience of well-being. This difference has been traced to the indigenous psychology of selfhood in those cultures. In the second part of the article, the authors debunk the myth of infinite cultural variability, while retaining the basic insight concerning the cultural constitution of well-being. They develop a theoretical model of well-being, in which agency and communion are universal dimensions of well-being, and people in different cultures require different combinations of agency and communion to experience well-being. Following this theoretical development, the authors examine cultural impediments to the good life in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. The mutual incompatibility of agency and communion is ruled out as a possible cause of why it is so difficult to live the good life. Instead, the authors propose a dialectical synthesis of agency and communion as a way of dealing with this challenge of living the good life.     

Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: the full life versus the empty life

Different orientations to happiness and their association with life satisfaction were investigated with 845 adults responding to Internet surveys. We measured life satisfaction and the endorsement of three different ways to be happy through pleasure, through engagement, and through meaning. Each of these three orientations individually predicted life satisfaction. People simultaneously low on all three orientations reported especially low life satisfaction. These findings point the way toward a distinction between the full life and the empty life.