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1.
听写困难是指儿童能够认读不能听写的现象。前期研究表明,在快速加工条件下,听写困难儿童存在整体字形加工缺陷。本研究使用学习-回忆方法,考察在充分加工条件下,听写困难儿童的整体字形加工特点。实验结果表明,在充分加工条件下,听写困难儿童不仅能够加工并形成双部件合体字的整体字形表征;而且,也能够在同字形组织水平上,形成多部件合体字的整体字形表征。因此,在充分加工条件下,听写困难儿童的整体字形加工能力正常。  相似文献   

2.
听写困难儿童的整体字形加工特点   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
听写困难是指儿童能够认读不能听写的现象。本研究以部件启动和整字启动任务中的探测字命名反应时差值,作为整体字形加工水平的指标,间接考察了听写困难儿童的整体字形加工特点。结果发现,听写对照组被试的整体字形加工在呈现时间为75 ms和300 ms时发生,而在150 ms时没有发生;听写困难组被试的整体字形加工仅在75 ms时发生,而在150 ms和300 ms时未发生。两组被试在75 ms时的整体字形加工水平之间没有显著差异。结果表明,听写困难被试仅仅在早期知觉阶段存在整体字形加工,而在词汇加工阶段的整体字形加工缺乏或延迟。  相似文献   

3.
听写困难是一种发生率较高的儿童学习障碍现象。听写困难的认知机制,主要包括语音加工缺陷、字形表征缺陷以及形音联结编码缺陷。本研究通过两个实验,考察了整字语音竞争和部件语音竞争,对听写困难儿童形音联结编码的影响。结果发现,在不同条件下,听写困难儿童的形音联结水平都落后于正常儿童;整字语音竞争显著干扰了正常儿童的形音联结编码,但对听写困难儿童的影响并不明显;与之相反的是,部件语音竞争对听写困难儿童的干扰更为明显。研究结果支持听写困难儿童的形音联结编码缺陷理论。在此基础上,听写困难儿童的形音联结较少受到整字语音的竞争干扰,但更容易受到部件语音的竞争干扰,这可能是因为,他(她)们的整体字形加工或表征存在缺陷,导致原生字字形和语音信息难以被激活,以及合体字的部件信息得到更多的加工所致。  相似文献   

4.
字形工作记忆(O-WM)是书写加工过程中汉字部件的临时存储点,其重要功能之一是保证部件表征的区分性特征。关于汉语O-WM的研究主要来自脑损伤个案,目前还没有关于汉语听写困难儿童是否存在O-WM损伤的报道。本研究采用两个实验,分别探讨视觉和语音前摄干扰对听写困难儿童汉字部件再认的影响。结果发现:(1)听写困难儿童的部件判断存在视觉前摄干扰效应,而正常儿童没有表现出视觉前摄干扰效应(实验一);(2)两组儿童均没有出现明显的语音前摄干扰效应(实验二)。该结果表明,汉语听写困难儿童O-WM在保证部件视觉表征的区分性功能上存在缺陷,并支持汉语O-WM中汉字部件的表征是以字形为基础的观点。  相似文献   

5.
杨双  宁宁  潘益中  石卫霞 《心理学报》2010,42(8):845-852
听写困难是一种发生率较高的儿童学习障碍现象。实验考察笔画语音编码和动作编码对听写困难儿童字形记忆水平的影响。结果发现, 笔画语音编码对听写困难儿童的字形记忆成绩没有明显影响, 但却明显促进了正常儿童的字形记忆成绩; 与之相对, 动作编码对正常儿童的字形记忆成绩没有明显影响, 但却明显促进了听写困难儿童的字形记忆成绩。上述现象, 既可能源于编码加工阶段, 也可能源于字形表征的提取阶段。  相似文献   

6.
汉字整体和笔画频率对笔画认知的影响   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
为考察笔画在汉字认知中的作用,探讨了汉字整体和笔画频率对笔画认知的影响。结果表明:(1)和部件识别类似,笔画认知存在着显著的字劣效应:识别汉字中的笔画比识别单独呈现的笔画反应时明显地长,错误率也大幅度增加,显示了汉字整体对笔画认知的抑制性影响。(2)识别汉字中的笔画的反应时也受背景汉字笔画多少的影响。识别少笔画汉字中的笔画比识别多笔画汉字中的笔画容易。(3)笔画频率对笔画认知也有重要影响,频率高的笔画比频率低的笔画容易识别  相似文献   

7.
听写困难是指儿童阅读正常而听写落后的现象,是儿童学习障碍的一种类型。本研究通过两个系列实验,对比听写困难儿童不同水平部件表征的激活速度差异,间接考察了听写困难儿童在部件加工过程中的二级整体干扰效应。结果表明,听写困难儿童在部件的加工过程中未发现二级整体干扰效应,而正常儿童存在明显的整体干扰效应。出现这一结果,既可能是因为听写困难儿童存在整体字形表征的一般缺陷,也可能是因为听写困难儿童存在二级整体字形表征的加工延迟。  相似文献   

8.
采用经高斯模糊技术处理的汉字,以命名为任务,实验一考察了事先学习以及笔画数、实验二考察了笔画数和线索注视时间对干扰效应的影响.结果发现:1.无论是否学习,汉字识别均存在于扰效应;2.无论汉字笔画多少均存在干扰效应;3.模糊线索的注视时间足够长久之后不再影响干扰效应.这些结果似乎表明当激活超过一定水平时,和汉字激活水平有关的因素对知觉干扰效应不再起作用.  相似文献   

9.
阅读理解困难儿童的认知加工   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
阅读理解困难是阅读障碍的一个主要类型,近年来受到西方研究者的重视。阅读理解认知加工,核心是有层次的语义加工,理解困难儿童在词汇语义加工和篇章推理和整合上都存在落后。理解困难儿童的信息推理水平落后,可能原因来自两个方面:一方面是语音工作记忆缺陷导致推理加工能力缺陷,另一方面是阅读元认知缺陷导致阅读目的和理解监控发展不正常。这些缺陷之间复杂的关系,还需要进一步研究  相似文献   

10.
严霄霏  苏彦捷  王甦 《心理科学》2006,29(3):588-592
采用2种元素疏密程度的复合数字刺激和启动范式,7岁和11岁2个年龄组的小学生分别在注意整体水平和注意局部水平的条件下对探测刺激进行选择反应。结果发现元素疏密程度可以影响知觉优先,而知觉优先与整体局部水平间的负启动之间没有一致的发展关系,说明与负启动有关的注意分配机制可能比知觉组织发展的晚。  相似文献   

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Ringo Ringvee 《Religion》2014,44(3):502-515
Abstract

This paper investigates religious affiliation in Estonia, considered to be one of the most secularized countries in the world and in which less than one third of the population affiliates with a religion on population censuses. Firstly, the article scrutinizes these data methodologically, comparing census results with findings from other survey and opinion polls. It finds that census data correlate with those from face-to-face surveys, while postal surveys tend to show considerably higher rates of religiosity and affiliation. Secondly, the article considers the findings themselves. According to census data, 29 percent of the population remained religiously affiliated between 2000 and 2011. However, the census also captures interesting changes over that period that illuminate the situation further. Significantly, Estonia is the first European country in which the traditional majority church has been usurped by a denomination associated with the largest ethnic minority group and which makes a strong connection between cultural and national identities. The article places this finding in the context of Central and Eastern European census data to argue that religious affiliation tends to remain high in societies where religious and national or ethnic identities have close ties, whereas traditional denominations have been declining in societies where these kinds of connections are weak. This factor helps explain variation between experiences of religious change in post-Socialist contexts.  相似文献   

13.
    
Research on d-cycloserine (DCS) has demonstrated a significant effect on symptom reduction in human studies that utilized conventional exposure-based approaches. Recent studies have offered promising results for targeting fears through subliminal paradigms. In this double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study, 45 spider fearful individuals received DCS or placebo pills prior to completing a subliminal cue exposure task to images of spiders. Participants completed self-report questionnaires and a behavioral approach task to a live caged tarantula. After repeated exposure to subliminal spider cues, participants in the DCS group reported a greater reduction in disgust than individuals in the placebo group. No difference was observed in fear ratings. These findings suggest that DCS augments the reduction in disgust in spider fearful subjects after subliminal exposure to spider cues.  相似文献   

14.
    
This paper examines the nature of ‘reasonable’ (eulogos) argumentation in Generation of Animals III.10. Its aim is to develop an alternative to the dialectical construal of reasonable argumentation in Aristotle recently favoured by Robert Bolton. On the basis of a close textual analysis I show that the reasonable arguments deployed in Generation of Animals III.10 do not appeal to endoxa or reputable beliefs per se. Instead, they rely upon general facts (sumbainonta) about animals established by empirical induction. This implies that, contra Bolton, not all reasonable arguments in Aristotle are dialectical; some, in fact, are thoroughly empirical and scientific. I conclude by suggesting that such empirical reasonable arguments even have a place in the De Caelo, the treatise that Bolton primarily focused upon when developing his interpretation.  相似文献   

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