共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
Robert Oakes 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2008,64(3):155-160
Many philosophers have contended that (traditional) theism or supernaturalism suffers from what can properly be called the
Problem of Divine Hiddenness (the PDH). [See Howard-Snyder and Moser 2002]. Moreover, it is the contention of many proponents of the PDH that this “problem,” if, indeed, not just a component of the “problem of evil,” bears a striking similarity to the latter. Specifically, at the heart of this ostensible difficulty for theism is that Divine “Hiddenness,” like pain
and suffering—or at least pain and suffering in the amount that the world contains—is precisely the opposite of what one would
expect if there existed a (maximally great) supernatural Person. Accordingly, it is maintained by proponents of the PDH that supernaturalism is disconfirmed by the relevant “problem.” The aim of this essay is to establish that there is more than ample metaphysical warrant (of a
sort overlooked thus far) for maintaining that the “hiddenness” of God is exactly what should be expected if theism is true. Thus, the conclusion we hope to secure is that the PDH has considerably less to recommend it than its proponents have thought, and, accordingly, that it fails to constitute an
effective threat to supernaturalism. 相似文献
2.
3.
Neuropsychological research in patients with affective disorders shows heterogeneous results with regard to the severity and
profile of cognitive impairments. In this paper we hypothesize that the investigation of clinical (subtypes, comorbidity,
traumatization, personality, severity, diurnal swings, course, duration, age of onset, biased processing, rumination, motivation,
experience of failure, sleep, suicidal tendencies, computer attitudes), demographic (age, education, gender) and neurobiological
factors (structural and functional brain changes, glucocorticoids, medication, ECT) that are related to cognitive performance
has specified the understanding of severity and profile of neuropsychological impairments. We reviewed the literature pertaining
to clinical, demographic and neurobiological factors following Pubmed and PsychInfo databases using different combinations
of general key-terms including “Affective Disorder,” “Depression,” “Mania,” “Neuropsychological,” “Neurobiological,” “Moderator,”
and “Review” as well as more specific demographic, clinical and neurobiological search terms. Findings from the literature
show that the consideration of these factors has improved knowledge about the severity of neuropsychological impairments in
patients with affective disorders whereas the neuropsychological profile is still poorly understood. Despite limited understanding,
however, the existent results provide promising suggestions for the development of treatment programs. 相似文献
4.
5.
Michael Davis Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(4):463-478
Many outside science and engineering, especially social scientists and “rhetoricians”, claim that rhetoric, “the art of persuasion”,
is an important part of technical communication. This claim is either trivial or false. If “persuasion” simply means “effective
communication”, then, of course, rhetoric is an important part of technical communication. But, if “persuasion” has anything
like its traditional meaning (a specific art of winning conviction), rhetoric is not an important part of technical communication;
indeed, its use in technical communication would be unethical.
[By] an advocate is meant one whose business it is to smooth over real difficulties, and to persuade where he cannot convince.
—Thomas Henry Huxley, Man’s Place in Nature
1 (p. 238) As a profession, engineers frown on persuasiveness and find it suspect.
—Dorothy A. Winsor, Writing Like an Engineer
2 (p. 12), A
Michael Davis’s research interests are in the areas of engineering ethics and the social contract. Recent published books
include Thinking Like an Engineer, 1998, Oxford, and Ethics and the University, 1999, Routledge. 相似文献
6.
Moore PJ Gratzer W Lieber C Edelson V O'Leary J Terry SF 《Journal of genetic counseling》2012,21(1):127-135
The Community Centered Family Health History project was initiated to create accessible family health history tools produced
by and for the community. The project goal was to promote increased community engagement in health education by encouraging
conversations among family members that would translate knowledge of family health history into healthy lifestyle choices.
As one of seven community partners, Iona College participated in customizing and beta-testing the Does It Run in the Family? toolkit. Twenty-nine college students were engaged to recruit three relatives related by blood to provide feedback on the
utility of the toolkit. The toolkit consists of two booklets—“A Guide to Family Health History” and “A Guide to Understanding
Genetics and Health”—explaining the importance of knowing and talking about health within the family as well as basics about
how conditions are passed down through generations. Twenty-two of the twenty-nine students participated in focus groups to
discuss their reactions to participation in the project. Students in the focus group reported that the study participants—students
and their family members—found the toolkit to be user friendly and the experience a valuable one that prompted many to take
positive steps toward good health. 相似文献
7.
In “Vindicating the Normativity of Rationality,” Nicholas Southwood proposes that rational requirements are best understood
as demands of one’s “first-personal standpoint.” Southwood argues that this view can “explain the normativity or reason-giving
force” of rationality by showing that they “are the kinds of thing that are, by their very nature, normative.” We argue that
the proposal fails on three counts: First, we explain why demands of one’s first-personal standpoint cannot be both reason-giving
and resemble requirements of rationality. Second, the proposal runs headlong into the now familiar “bootstrapping” objection
that helped illuminate the need to vindicate the normativity of rationality in the first place. Lastly, even if Southwood
is right—the demands of rationality just are the demands or our first-personal standpoints—the explanation as to why our standpoints
generate reasons will entail that we sometimes have no reason at all to be rational. 相似文献
8.
Daniel A. Drubach 《Journal of religion and health》2008,47(3):354-365
Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to a cognitive process which allows an individual to “place him/herself” in the other person’s
“mind,” so as to comprehend the latter’s cognitive and emotional status, so as to predict his/her behavior and emotional response
to a particular situation. ToM is necessary for everyday interaction among individuals and accounts for such human traits
as empathy, compassion, and deceit. It is also particularly important in the relationship between a healer and his or her
client, as well as in the God–human relationship. Recent research in the area of neurosciences has identified a specific brain
“system” responsible for ToM, as well as described how these functions may be affected in certain neuropsychiatric conditions.
In this article, we discuss the definition and neurobiological substrate of ToM. In addition, we discuss the cognitive steps
important to achieve an “accurate” theory of mind, its relevance to “self-knowledge,” and its limitations. We also review
some of the data concerning abnormalities and “distortion” of ToM in neuropsychiatric disorders and aberrant human behavior. 相似文献
9.
Desheng Zong 《Dao》2010,9(4):445-459
The aim of this essay is to outline a conceptual framework for a type of philosophy (or approach to philosophy) to be herein
called “non-sentential philosophy.” Although I will primarily concern myself with the conceptual coherence of the framework
in this essay, illustrations will be provided to show that the notion has rich implications for comparative studies. In particular,
I believe this theoretical framework will be of interest to those looking for a way to capture the differences between certain
non-Western philosophical traditions—such as Chinese philosophy—and Western philosophy, a tradition in which the sentential
approach is dominant. 相似文献
10.
John Bickle 《Synthese》2006,151(3):411-434
As opposed to the dismissive attitude toward reductionism that is popular in current philosophy of mind, a “ruthless reductionism” is alive and thriving in “molecular and cellular cognition”—a field of research within cellular and molecular neuroscience, the current mainstream of the discipline. Basic experimental practices and emerging results from this field imply that two common assertions by philosophers and cognitive scientists are false: (1) that we do not know much about how the brain works, and (2) that lower-level neuroscience cannot explain cognition and complex behavior directly. These experimental practices involve intervening directly with molecular components of sub-cellular and gene expression pathways in neurons and then measuring specific behaviors. These behaviors are tracked using tests that are widely accepted by experimental psychologists to study the psychological phenomenon at issue (e.g., memory, attention, and perception). Here I illustrate these practices and their importance for explanation and reduction in current mainstream neuroscience by describing recent work on social recognition memory in mammals. 相似文献
11.
Scripts store the temporal order of component events of everyday activities as well as the temporal position of the events
within the activity (early or late). When confronted with an activity, predictions are generated about how the component events
will unfold. Thereby, an error-detection mechanism continuously monitors whether they unfold as anticipated or not in order
to reveal errors in the unfolding activity. We investigated whether the temporal position “early” or “late” influenced the
detection of errors using the pupillary response as an index of cognitive resource consumption. An event triplet consisting
of three events was presented in a chronological or non-chronological temporal order. Crucially, the triplet focused either
on the beginning (temporal position “early”) or the end (temporal position “late”) of an activity. We assumed that these position
codes would be used to facilitate error detection when a non-chronological event was presented. Results showed that errors
in the temporal order were detected more successfully in early than in late triplets. Results further suggest that strong predictions are formed about how an activity begins. Violations of this prediction must be overcome by zooming into the representation and allocating attention to the temporal
position that consumes cognitive resources. Only after zooming in has taken place successfully may the position codes be used
to anticipate temporal violations in unfolding event sequences. 相似文献
12.
13.
Jens Herlth 《Studies in East European Thought》2011,63(4):267-278
The essay examines Stanisław Brzozowski’s ideas on mutual interactions between the sphere of culture and the realm of the
political. It shows how Brzozowski made use of literary texts in order to elucidate social and political processes. In doing
so, he insisted on a specific form of knowledge accessible through texts of literature and literary criticism, which are not
limited by the mere “logic of notions.” Following Vico and Sorel Brzozowski detected an “irrational core” at the bases of
human collectivities such as above all modern nations, and it is through literature that this core can be revealed. Brzozowski’s
understanding of political ideas and concepts is informed—to a decisive degree—by the literary imagination. This can be shown
by a semantic and rhetorical analysis of some of his later writings. 相似文献
14.
Jaak Panksepp 《Motivation and emotion》2012,36(1):4-15
Cross-species affective neuroscience aspires to provide an evidence-based foundation for understanding the primary-process emotional networks that concurrently control instinctual emotional actions and affective feelings—direct emotional circuit
mediated ‘rewards’ and ‘punishments’. In humans and other mammals, the ancestral subcortical regions of the brain are central
to such affective BrainMind functions (a monistic term, here used synonymously with MindBrain, depending on stylistic needs).
Although these circuits cannot be ‘identical’ across species (that would be incompatible with evolutionary principles) they
are sufficiently similar, anatomically, neurochemically and functionally, to allow animal brain research to illuminate (yield
testable predictions) about homologous human mind functions. Primal emotional feelings (affects) are inbuilt value functions
of the brain that energize and inform the rest of the mental apparatus about basic survival values, thereby promoting secondary-process learning/memory functions and tertiary-process cognitive thinking-ruminative functions, yielding bottom-up evolutionary controls that ultimately allow top-down regulatory
controls. As we envision how such “nested” hierarchies—two-way paths of causality—reflecting both bottom-up and top-down functions—we
will need disciplined distinctions between cognitions and emotions at the primary-process level, while also accepting total
interpenetrance of cognitions and affects at the tertiary-process level of MindBrain organization. This allows full and synergistic
integration of basic and dimensional approaches to emotions. Here the primal emotional networks, so critically important for
understanding ‘human-nature’ and psychiatric disorders, are discussed didactically in ways that can minimize dilemmas that
non-evolutionary, non-hierarchical perspectives are subject to in modern emotion research. 相似文献
15.
According to contemporary representationalism, phenomenal qualia—of specifically sensory experiences—supervene on representational
content. Most arguments for representationalism share a common, phenomenological premise: the so-called “transparency thesis.”
According to the transparency thesis, it is difficult—if not impossible—to distinguish the quality or character of experiencing
an object from the perceived properties of that object. In this paper, I show that Husserl would react negatively to the transparency
thesis; and, consequently, that Husserl would be opposed to at least two versions of contemporary representationalism. First,
I show that Husserl would be opposed to strong representationalism, since he believes the cognitive content of a perceptual episode can vary despite constancy of sensory
qualia. Second, I then show that Husserl would be opposed to weak representationalism, since he believes that sensory qualia—specifically, the sort that he calls “kinesthetic sensations”—can
vary despite constancy in representational content. 相似文献
16.
Chris R. Schlauch 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,55(3):367-390
Theories of psychological development, however diverse, often express common underlying ontological-epistemological commitments
shaped by the legacies of Descartes, Newton, and Kant. Three related psychoanalytic concepts—“positions,” “space,” and “worlds”—individually
and collectively sketch the contours of a different way of construing human being and becoming—a way that departs from these
legacies. Implications for the study of religion of this “different way” are examined. 相似文献
17.
Paul Ceruzzi 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2000,13(2):86-102
Beginning around the time of the Sputnik crisis of 1957, a number of specialized, defense-related firms moved to the Washington,
D.C. area. Their primary function was vague: they often defined their work as “systems integration”—but that was not well-defined.
Journalists, not understanding the nature of this activity, called the firms “Beltway Bandits,” a misnomer since nearly all
were located not around the Washington Beltway but rather close by one another in an area known as Tysons Corner, Virginia.
Though little understood and by 1997 all but gone as independent companies, these firms laid the foundation for one of the
most vibrant and economically successful regions of the country: Tysons Corner.
Tysons is now an anchor for Internet activity and probably has more high-technology software activity than anyplace, save
Silicon Valley, in the United States. It is also home to one of the most successful retail centers in the northeastern United
States. Tysons is a classic “Edge City” in the words of urban geographer Joel Garreau: tremendous commercial vitality yet
none of the qualities one associates with a “community.” Tysons Corner has no post office or ZIP code of its own, no political
boundary, no subway or railroad station, no library, public school, park, or town square. Yet is is an easily-recognized “place.”
This study looks at the area, its origins, and its present status, with a view toward some general comments about the place
for such “Edge Cities” in the country’s future. 相似文献
18.
Peter Ward 《Current Psychology》1990,9(2):99-102
Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank and of having nothing to do: once or twice she
had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversation in it, “and what is the use of a book,”
thought Alice, “without pictures or conversation?”
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Lewis Carroll
Hari Seldon and his band of psychologists planted a colony—the Foundation—to incubate art, science, and technology, and form
the nucleus of the Second Empire.
The Foundation Trilogy. Isaac Asimov 相似文献
19.
Jacqueline A. Sullivan 《Synthese》2010,177(2):151-164
The Morris water maze has been put forward in the philosophy of neuroscience as an example of an experimental arrangement
that may be used to delineate the cognitive faculty of spatial memory (e.g., Craver and Darden, Theory and method in the neurosciences,
University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 2001; Craver, Explaining the brain: Mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007). However, in the experimental and review literature on the water maze throughout the history of its use, we encounter numerous
responses to the question of “what” phenomenon it circumscribes ranging from cognitive functions (e.g., “spatial learning”,
“spatial navigation”), to representational changes (e.g., “cognitive map formation”) to terms that appear to refer exclusively
to observable changes in behavior (e.g., “water maze performance”). To date philosophical analyses of the water maze have
not been directed at sorting out what phenomenon the device delineates nor the sources of the different answers to the question
of what. I undertake both of these tasks in this paper. I begin with an analysis of Morris’s first published research study
using the water maze and demonstrate that he emerged from it with an experimental learning paradigm that at best circumscribed
a discrete set of observable changes in behavior. However, it delineated neither a discrete set of representational changes
nor a discrete cognitive function. I cite this in combination with a reductionist-oriented research agenda in cellular and
molecular neurobiology dating back to the 1980s as two sources of the lack of consistency across the history of the experimental
and review literature as to what is under study in the water maze. 相似文献
20.
F. J. McGuigan Ph.D. Andrew B. Dollins Ph.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1989,24(1):19-26
In previous research a discriminative relationship has been established between patterns of covert speech behavior and the
phonemic system when processing continuous linguistic material. The goal of the present research was to be more analytic and
pinpoint covert neuromuscular speech patterns when one processes specific instances of phonemes. Electromyographic (EMG) recording
indicated that the lips are significantly active when visually processing the letter “P” (an instance of bilabial material),
but not when processing the letter “T” or a nonlinguistic control (C) stimulus. Similarly, the tongue is significantly active
when processing the letter “T” (an instance of lingual-alveolar material), but not when processing the letters “P” or “C.”
It is concluded that the speech musculature covertly responds systematically as a function of class of phoneme being processed.
These results accord with our model that semantic processing (“understanding”) occurs when the speech (and other) musculature
interacts with linguistic regions of the brain. In the interactions phonetic coding is generated and transmitted through neuromuscular
circuits that have cybernetic characteristics. 相似文献