基于人工神经网络的一种效度凭证求取方法

针对基于统计学的效度凭证求取方法所存在的问题,提出了基于人工神经网络的效度凭证求取方法。蒙特卡罗模拟实验和对实际数据的分析表明,当测验分数和效标分数为单变量且非线性关系时,或者测验分数和效标分数为多变量时,运用神经网络方法可以比统计学方法更好地求取心理测验效度的基于和其他变量关系的凭证。     

粗糙集和神经网络在心理测量中的应用

探讨当因素分析和多元回归方法的使用条件未得到满足时,是否可采用粗糙集方法进行观察变量的精简,以及是否可采用神经网络方法进行预测效度检验。理论分析了粗糙集和神经网络在心理测量中应用的可能性,并运用粗糙集对于人事干部胜任力评估数据进行分析,比较了7种离散化方法和2种约简算法构成的14种组合,发现当采用Manual方法进行离散化、遗传算法进行约简时,能够很好地对观测变量进行精简;运用概率神经网络能够比等级回归方法更好地进行预测效度检验。研究结果表明对于处理心理测量中的非等距变量,粗糙集和神经网络是非常有用的方法     

预测视角下双因子模型与高阶模型的模拟比较

双因子模型和高阶因子模型,作为既有全局因子又有局部因子的两个竞争模型,在研究中得到了广泛应用。本文采用Monte Carlo模拟方法,在模型拟合比较的基础上,比较了效标分别为外显变量和内潜变量时,两个模型在各种负荷水平下预测准确度的差异。结果发现,两种模型在拟合效果方面无显著差异;但在预测效度方面,当效标为显变量时,两个模型的结构系数估计值皆为无偏估计;而效标为潜变量时,高阶因子模型表现优于双因子模型:高阶因子模型的结构系数为无偏估计,双因子模型的结构系数估计值则在50%左右的情况下存在偏差。     

项目反应理论的分数分布的预测作用

1引言在心理和教育测量的实践过程中,测试者常常会从已实施过的测验项目里根据需要挑选一组项目重新组成新的测验。如果测试者事先能够通过一定的方法预测到关于这组测验分数的大致信息,这对编制不同要求的测验、检查教学效果以及评价学生能力有很大的帮助。在项目反应理论（IRT）中,预测分数的一般做法是通过测验特性函数来计算的（HambletomandSwaminathan,1985）。但是这样计算的结果只能知道在能力参数θ的某个水平上的分数．从本质上来说这是属于条件概率的点估计。为了了解在能力θ的整个范围里的测验分数的变化趋向,本文利用…     

运用基因表达式编程的自陈量表数据建模

探讨基因表达式编程对自陈量表测量数据的建模方法。运用威廉斯创造力测验和认知需求量表获得400位中学生的测量分数,通过数据清洗,保留383个被试的分数作为建模的数据集。运用哈曼单因素检验方法没有发现共同方法偏差。采用均匀设计方法对基因表达式编程中的5个参数进行优化配置,在测试拟合度最大的试验条件下,找到了测试误差最小的模型。比较基因表达式编程和BP神经网络、支持向量回归机、多元线性回归、二次多项式回归所建模型的预测精度。研究表明,基因表达式编程能用于自陈量表测量数据的建模,该模型比传统方法所建的模型具有更高的预测精度,而且模型是稳健的。     

中学教师工作积极性的测评研究

本文运用教师积极性测评表对42名中学教师进行了测量,并对测评表的信度和效度进行了检验。结果表明:运用量表对教师的工作积极性进行测评是可行的和有意义的,该量表具有一定的信度和效标关联效度,但还应在现有基础上作必要的增补和预测后,再用因素分析法进行筛选和归类。本文还提出,应建立一个统一的评分体系,使分数更具有可比性。     

综合评价及综合预测的广义均方模型

在教育及心理领域内,经常遇到综合评价及综合预测的问题。例如,在对思维品质进行研究时,教师根据每个学生的知识迁移,一题多解及发散式解题三个项目的测验分数给出思维灵活性的综合评分;再如,在对能力进行研究时,我们根据学生现在的数学成绩以及运算能力、逻辑思维能力的测验分数来预测其下学年的代数成绩;又如,在对学生评价教师的心理进行研究时,我们通过学生对教师的思想作风、工作态度和学识能力三个单项的评价来预测其教师总的评价,等等。     

组织承诺研究综述

本文通过对组织承诺的文献分析,讨论了组织承诺概念的演变和其结构的发展,并对组织承诺的相关因素进行了评述。分析了组织承诺形成的影响变量和其效标变量,对今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

人事心理学中的效标研究

该文对人事心理学领域里的效标研究进行回顾,溉述了多重效标和合成效标及动态效标几个重要方面的研究成果,并提出了两个问题：（1）能否为不同的职务或职务群建立合适的效标体系;（2）根据效标的动态性,应定期或不定期地对效标体系进行修订。     

效度概化：预测效度元分析的30年成果述评

效度概化是通过元分析技术对普遍化的预测效度的估计。元分析是研究效度概化问题的技术,是对具有“预测因子-效标”特征的相关数据进行定量综合的方法。效度概化促进了预测因子与效标之间关系的理论研究和应用研究,是应用心理学领域近30年（1977~2007）来最重要的进展之一。30年来的效度概化研究表明,认知能力测验、知识和技能测验、人格测验、结构化面试和评价中心技术等的预测效度具有鲁棒性、对应性和联合增值性     

Delayed auditory feedback and shadowing

On the basis of speech disturbance under binaural DAF, groups of subjects of high and low susceptibility were formed. Both groups were required to shadow messages presented under four conditions: single message presented binaurally; message presented to one ear with either white noise, an irrelevant message, or delayed feedback of the repetitition of the message, presented to the contralateral ear. For both groups the number of errors (omitted words) increased significantly in the irrelevant message and the delayed feedback conditions as compared with the binaural or white noise conditions. There was no difference between the susceptible and non-susceptible groups in the binaural and white noise conditions, but the susceptible group showed a much larger increase in the irrelevant message and delayed feedback conditions. Implications of these findings for theories of DAF are discussed.     

Group Differences in Regression Intercepts: Implications for Factorial Invariance

Studies of differential prediction typically examine group differences in linear regression slopes or intercepts for predicting criterion scores from one or more test scores. When there are no group differences in slopes, what are the implications of differences in regression intercepts for the measurement equivalence of the tests or criterion across groups? Measurement equivalence is here defined as factorial invariance under a single-factor model for the tests and criterion. Two theorems are given that describe conditions under which intercept differences can exist under factorial invariance. In such cases, intercept differences do not result from measurement bias in either the tests or criterion. The conditions of the theorems are testable using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. These test procedures are illustrated in real data. The implications of the theorems and the test procedures for studies of differential prediction are discussed.     

The effects of instructions, incentive, and feedback on a community problem: dormitory noise

A reinforcement system utilizing instructions, modelling, feedback, and group reinforcement was employed in an attempt to reduce disruptive noise on three university residence halls. A fourth hall received the same treatment program without the reinforcement component. Noise scores were determined by recording the number of discrete noise occurrences over a criterion decibel level. On all four residential floors, noise scores during treatment conditions were lower than initial and final baseline levels. Additionally, periods of noise reduction corresponded to the changing criterion multiple-baseline and reversal designs utilized. Pre- and posttreatment questionnaire responses from the three reinforcement floors paralleled changes in objective noise data. At posttreatment, residents reported less noise disturbance of study and sleep and more control over the noise situation and floor problems in general. These results indicated that a comprehensive behavior-modification treatment package was effective in reducing disruptive noise in university residence halls. Difficulties in data collection and anomalies in the data are discussed. Future directions for field-based behavior-modification research are outlined.     

Three Factor Analyses Of Electromyographic Data Under Varying Conditions

Electromyographic scores for seven muscles, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and galvanic skin resistance were obtained on 20 male and 24 female psychiatric clinic out-patients during three experimental conditions: rest, white noise, and psychological stress. Subjects also received 6 psychiatric ratings representing their response to the psychological stress. These ratings were included in all three score matrices. A principal component factor matrix was computed ?or each of the conditions; these were rotated both orthogonally and obliquely. Muscles which are in close physical proximity tended to cluster much more on the analyses of scores obtained -during-rest and noise than during psychological stress. The pattern of heart rate and the two blood pressures varied with the conditions. Although the same rating scores were used for the three analyses, their loadings differed.     

Auditory signal detectability as a function of pre-experimental shock

A neurotic, schizophrenic and normal control group detected a 1,000 cps. 2 sec. tone with an a priori probability of occurrence of 0.5 against a background of continuous white noise during a specified 4 sec. interval. An index of signal detectability, dprime;, and a decision criterion, β, were calculated from the YES-NO responses for 150 control trials, and 150 trials which were preceded by free electric shock at maximum tolerance level. The results show a decrement in signals detected for the neurotic and schizophrenic group as compared to the normal control, whose detection rate improved significantly. The decision criterion remained unaffected.     

Test bias and ability level testing

The average grade equivalent reading comprehension scores of students in 50 black schools were compared to those of students in 50 white schools under two forms of test administration. Traditional grade level testing resulted in smaller group differences between blacks' and whites' scores than the apparently more valid ability level testing technique. It was concluded that the use of grade level testing with the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills is biased in favor of low scoring subgroups.     

Effects of nonlinguistic auditory variations on lexical processing in Broca's aphasics

In a series of experiments, the effect of white noise distortion and talker variation on lexical access in normal and Broca's aphasic participants was examined using an auditory lexical decision paradigm. Masking the prime stimulus in white noise resulted in reduced semantic priming for both groups, indicating that lexical access is degraded by nonlinguistic white noise distortion. However, talker variation within a prime-target pair had no effect upon the performance of either the normal or aphasic individuals. The absence of a talker variation effect suggests that voice-specific information is not encoded in the lexical representations of words. The normal performance of Broca's aphasics under conditions of both white noise and talker variation supports the view that these patients have a lexical processing impairment rather than a more generalized language deficit characterized by limited computational resources.     

Right-sided human prefrontal brain activation during acquisition of conditioned fear

This H2(15)O positron emission tomography (PET) study reports on relative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) alterations during fear conditioning in humans. In the PET scanner, subjects viewed a TV screen with either visual white noise or snake videotapes displayed alone, then with electric shocks, followed by final presentations of white noise and snakes. Autonomic nervous system responses confirmed fear conditioning only to snakes. To reveal neural activation during acquisition, while equating sensory stimulation, scans during snakes with shocks and white noise alone were contrasted against white noise with shocks and snakes alone. During acquisition, rCBF increased in the right medial frontal gyrus, supporting a role for the prefrontal cortex in fear conditioning to unmasked evolutionary fear-relevant stimuli.