医学人文课程多元评价方法探讨

医学人文课程有必要实施多元评价:内容多元,涵盖知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观3个领域的内涵;方法多元,根据不同课程的特点采用不同的评价方式;主体多元,运用教师评价、学生自评、学生互评的方法,使评价体现职业需求和学科特点,促进学生发展,并且有可操作性。     

Analyzing Goal-Striving Processes and a Test of the Generalizability of Perceptual Control Theory

Theories that articulate dynamic processes are relatively rare, but methods for testing the theories are even rarer. This study illustrates two methods for examining goal-striving processes and a tool for collecting dynamic data. The first method tests a hypothesis regarding what variable the participants are attempting to maintain. The second method involves creating multilevel models used to describe the dynamic data generated by study participants, which can be used to test between- and within-subject manipulations or differences. The tool is a research simulation of a manager's role in scheduling subordinates in a hospital wing. Together these methods and the tool are used to test the generalizability of perceptual control theory in explaining striving for cognitive goals. The results confirm the viability of a control theory accounting of goal striving and highlight the potential of the methods and the research tool in future research.     

Why and How to Learn Why: Analysis-based Generalization of Procedures

Max Wertheimer, in his classic Productive Thinking, linked understanding to transfer: Understanding is important because it provides the ability to generalize the solution of one problem to apply to another. Recent work in human and machine learning has led to the development of a new class of generalization mechanism, called here analysis-based generalization, which can be used to provide a concrete account of the linkage Wertheimer suggested: these mechanisms all, in different ways, use understanding of examples in the generalization process. In this paper I review this class of mechanism, and describe a method for causal attribution that can produce the analyses of examples that the generalization methods require, in the domain of simple procedures in human-computer interaction. This causal analysis method is linked with analysis-based generalization to form EXPL, an implemented model which is a concrete, though limited, instontiation of Wertheimer s scheme. EXPL constructs an understanding of an example procedure and generalizes it on the basis of that understanding. Results of an empirical study suggest that some of EXPL's attribution heuristics are used by people, and that while a subclass of analysis-based methods, called superstitious methods, seem to provide a more plausible account of people's generalization under the conditions of the study than a contrasting class of rationalistic methods, at least some participants appear to use methods from both classes. The results also show that explanation-based methods, which rely on comprehensive domain theories, must be used in conjunction with a means for extending the domain theory. If thus enhanced, explanation-based methods are able to mimic the effects of other analysis-based methods, and can provide a good account of the data, though combinations of other methods must also be considered. Finally, I return to Wertheimer s ideas to argue that none of the current analysis-based generalization methods fully captures Wertheimer s notion of understanding. Proper choice among different possible analyses of an example is crucial for Wertheimer, but I argue that this problem may be beyond the reach of learning systems.     

尿沉渣法、干化学法及传统镜检测定尿液中有形成分的对比研究

以传统镜检法结果作为标准,分别采用AX4280全自动尿液干化学法分析仪（干化学法）和IQ200尿沉渣分析仪（尿沉渣法）及两种方法的并联和串联检测新疆石河子地区532例患者的清洁中段尿,并评价两种方法的检测效果。结果显示,与传统镜检法比较,干化学法和尿沉渣法串联对尿液中红、白细胞检出率的阳性预测值高,具有临床意义;尿沉渣法对红、白细胞检测误诊率较高,需用镜检进行确认。尿沉渣法和干化学法可对临床提供一定的依据,但不能完全代替传统镜检,几种方法可作为互补,提高检测准确性。     

An overview of applied robust methods

Data in social sciences are typically non-normally distributed and characterized by heavy tails. However, most widely used methods in social sciences are still based on the analyses of sample means and sample covariances. While these conventional methods continue to be used to address new substantive issues, conclusions reached can be inaccurate or misleading. Although there is no ‘best method’ in practice, robust methods that consider the distribution of the data can perform substantially better than the conventional methods. This article gives an overview of robust procedures, emphasizing a few that have been repeatedly shown to work well for models that are widely used in social and behavioural sciences. Real data examples show how to use the robust methods for latent variable models and for moderated mediation analysis when a regression model contains categorical covariates and product terms. Results and logical analyses indicate that robust methods yield more efficient parameter estimates, more reliable model evaluation, more reliable model/data diagnostics, and more trustworthy conclusions when conducting replication studies. R and SAS programs are provided for routine applications of the recommended robust method.     

Restricted Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Parameters of the Social Relations Model

In many areas of research, the round-robin design is used to study interpersonal judgments and behaviors. The resulting data are analyzed with the social relations model (SRM), whereby almost all previously published studies have used ANOVA-based methods or multilevel-based methods to obtain SRM parameter estimates. In this article, the SRM is embedded into the linear mixed model framework, and it is shown how restricted maximum likelihood can be employed to estimate the SRM parameters. It is also described how the effect of covariates on the SRM-specific effects can be estimated. An example is presented to illustrate the approach. We also present the results of a simulation study in which the performance of the proposed approach is compared to the ANOVA method.     

Walking as a ‘Radicalized’ Critical Psychological Method? A Review of Academic,Artistic and Activist Contributions to the Study of Social Environments

The study of social environments is a neglected site of research not only in psychology, but across academic disciplines ranging from human geography to cultural studies. This paper will review contributions to studying social environments through academic writings, situationism and psychogeographical groups. It will be argued that disorientating walking practices can be used as a means to reflect on experiences of places in order to begin to think how social environments could be radically changed. It is important to question the taken for granted ways that people make sense of urban environments. It is argued that psychogeographic practice can be used to extend qualitative epistemologies and methods to argue for a ‘turn to place’ in psychology and to open up new methods and approaches in critical psychology. Finally, the implications for radicalizing critical psychological research methods will be considered in relation to the current status of critical psychology, which suffers from an apathetic vision of radicalism and criticality.     

A solid state CFF apparatus

In past critical fusion frequency (CFF) experiments, one of two methods for generating the flashing light has typically been used: a strobe light or a motor-driven sectored disk that chops the light from a lamp. Both of these methods generate noise that can cue a subject. A solid state apparatus has been designed to avoid this and other deficiencies of currently used methods. In use, the apparatus has been found to be simple, flexible, and reliable, and it does not give the subject acoustic cues to flicker rate.     

Sexuality And The Internet

Supporters of dominant scientific theories sometimes attack competing, less favoured theories in ways that conflict with expectations of proper scientific behaviour, for example by using double standards. To reduce concern about their actions, supporters can use a variety of techniques: cover up the violation of expectations; devalue the competing theory and its advocates; interpret the process as proper; use expert panels, meetings and other formal processes to give a stamp of approval to the dominant view; and intimidate opponents. These are the same five methods used regularly by perpetrators of actions widely seen as unjust, such as violent attacks on peaceful protesters. When these methods fail, the attack can backfire on the attackers. Orthodox scientists’ treatment of the theory that AIDS originated from contaminated polio vaccines used in Africa in the 1950s illustrates how this framework can be applied to science. Opponents of this theory have used all five methods of inhibiting concern about violations of expected scientific behaviour. This analysis shows why supporters of orthodoxy have a tactical advantage over challengers.     

Examining the relationship between the Eysenck personality inventory and the sixteen personality factors questionnaire using predictive configural frequency analysis

A nonparametric analogue of canonical correlation analysis, called P-CFA, was used to determine how the Eysenck Personality Inventory is related to Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire. The P-CFA methods used showed that Eysenck's personality dimensions of Extraversion and Neuroticism can be predicted quite well from suitably chosen primary scales in the Cattell questionnaire. The results were consistent with those obtained in another study using canonical analysis. Beyond that, P-CFA methods were used to predict Eysenckian trait-type categories from Cattell's primary scales. The results were weak and not predictable from canonical analysis, but showed potential analytic capabilities of P-CFA that are not available in canonical analysis.     

Qualitative Methods in Family Evaluation: Creative Assessment Techniques

Traditionally, family therapists have used experiential activities primarily as interventions. In this article, the authors discuss the role that experiential therapy methods can play in qualitative family assessment. It is believed that these methods can be quite helpful in engaging family members in a collaborative evaluation process. The authors discuss the advantages of qualitative assessment as complement to more quantitative family evaluation measures and present several illustrative qualitative assessment procedures.     

Estimating parameters of the diffusion model: approaches to dealing with contaminant reaction times and parameter variability

Three methods for fitting the diffusion model (Ratcliff, 1978) to experimental data are examined. Sets of simulated data were generated with known parameter values, and from fits of the model, we found that the maximum likelihood method was better than the chi-square and weighted least squares methods by criteria of bias in the parameters relative to the parameter values used to generate the data and standard deviations in the parameter estimates. The standard deviations in the parameter values can be used as measures of the variability in parameter estimates from fits to experimental data. We introduced contaminant reaction times and variability into the other components of processing besides the decision process and found that the maximum likelihood and chi-square methods failed, sometimes dramatically. But the weighted least squares method was robust to these two factors. We then present results from modifications of the maximum likelihood and chi-square methods, in which these factors are explicitly modeled, and show that the parameter values of the diffusion model are recovered well. We argue that explicit modeling is an important method for addressing contaminants and variability in nondecision processes and that it can be applied in any theoretical approach to modeling reaction time.     

Modern Regression Methods that can Substantially Increase Power and Provide a more Accurate Understanding of Associations

During the last half century, hundreds of papers published in statistical journals have documented general conditions where reliance on least squares regression and Pearson's correlation can result in missing even strong associations between variables. Moreover, highly misleading conclusions can be made, even when the sample size is large. There are, in fact, several fundamental concerns related to non‐normality, outliers, heteroscedasticity, and curvature that can result in missing a strong association. Simultaneously, a vast array of new methods has been derived for effectively dealing with these concerns. The paper (i) reviews why least squares regression and classic inferential methods can fail, (ii) provides an overview of the many modern strategies for dealing with known problems, including some recent advances, and (iii) illustrates that modern robust methods can make a practical difference in our understanding of data. Included are some general recommendations regarding how modern methods might be used. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Representing socio-technical systems options in the development of new forms of work organization

Abstract

It is widely accepted that effective implementation of new technology into work organizations needs an integrative approach in which developments in both technical and social systems are considered. Furthermore, success depends upon the effective participation of significant stakeholders in this process. This article reviews the methods available for this purpose and concludes that a particular weakness is the methods that can be used to generate and review socio-technical system opportunities early in the development process. Whilst methods exist to support stakeholder participation at this stage, they need to represent future socio-technical opportunities if they are to make an effective contribution. This article presents the ORDIT (Organizational Requirements Definition for Information Technology Systems) methodology, which uses responsibility modelling as a basis for constructing socio-technical systems opportunities. The application of telemedicine in health care is presented as a case study to demonstrate how this method can be used to construct and evaluate socio-technical scenarios.     

A Role for Occupational Therapy in Foster Care

The purpose of this publication is threefold. First, it is an attempt to document the need for occupational therapy services within the foster care population. Second, it describes methods that can be used by occupational therapists to provide appropriate interventions to people affected by foster care. And third, it highlights the need for and identifies specific assessments that can be used to evaluate individuals affected by foster care and to measure the effectiveness of occupational therapy services delivered to foster care agencies.     

Methods for describing ordinal data with cardinal models

Several methods, both new and old, for describing ordinal data with a cardinal model are discussed in a newly developed and general context which broadens their applicability beyond their traditional use in multidimensional scaling. The relationships between the methods is investigated. It is shown that the two most commonly used methods (Guttman's rank-image principle and Kruskal's least-square monotonic transformation) are the boundary conditions of a newly proposed single parameter family of methods. An additional method is proposed which is shown to yield an equal-density model space. The commonly made distinction between “transformation” methods and “transformation-free” methods is shown to be a pseudodistinction. It is observed that all the methods can be stated as matrix operations on the model space with the conclusion that they try to optimize a linear combination of the model space.     

The Choice of Weapons: A Study of Methods of Suicide by Sex,Race, and Region

ABSTRACT: The relationship of sex, race and region to methods of suicide are used to test the validity of two theories which attempt to explain the choice of methods among suicide victims. The two theories, lethality of intent and differential socialization with firearms, are briefly discussed. Data are collected from official death certificates in five cities during a three year period, 1969 through 1971. The findings provide little support for the lethality of intent theory. Although the differential socialization theory receives partial support, one can argue for a broader sociocultural perspective on methods of suicide which includes location in the social structure as well as regional socialization.     

医学科研或论文中常见的统计学问题

医学统计学在医学科研中占有重要地位,统计方法正确使用与否直接影响论文的结果和质量,但是具体使用过程中统计学方法或指标常常被混淆或使用不妥。本文就科研设计、数据描述、推演结论等方面容易混淆的统计学常见问题进行简要阐述,并举例分析可能出现误用的指标和方法,提高医务工作者对医学统计学的认识。     

The generation effect: Software demonstrating the phenomenon

The generation effect occurs when people demonstrate better memory for material that they have generated than for material that they have merely read. The software described here allows students to participate in replications of generation effect experiments. The program can be used with its default settings to present simple experiments. I have used this feature in research methods courses to provide data for writing research reports. The program can also be modified to allow students to design and conduct their own variations of generation effect experiments.